Persian Literature

Humor and Implied Reader in Sedghi’s Abnabat

Zeynab Sheykhhoseini

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2021, , Pages 125-146

Abstract

  Humor causes laughter and comfort and helps adolescents overcome the challenges of coming of age with less pressure. Adolescent humor should be expressed in an adolescent atmosphere ...  Read More Humor causes laughter and comfort and helps adolescents overcome the challenges of coming of age with less pressure. Adolescent humor should be expressed in an adolescent atmosphere and perspective so that the audience relate to it. In adolescent literature, writers and critics are adults so we need a special approach for analysis of children and adolescents' texts. Chambers presents the implied reader approach. According to him, through style, point of view, siding and gaps, the author can communicate with the reader. Sedghi is one of the writers who has written satirical works for teenagers. The aim of this study is to investigate the implied reader in Sedghi’s satirical collection Abnabat, and, using qualitative content analysis, in addition to explaining the characteristics of humor in adolescent works, to evaluate the success of the author in creating the implied reader. According to the results of the study, style is the most prominent element in the creation of the implied reader. Generally, it can be said that Sedghi has been able to invite the reader into the text so that he/she laughs with the characters in the story.

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Narrate (rawayat) of Poetry and Status of Rawis

bb zz

Volume 1, 7و8 , February 2011, , Pages 133-150

Abstract

  Abstract: Narrate (rawayat) was a way to preservation and transmit of poetry. Rawayat is an Arabic word and means: carryng of water, and metaphorically means: convey the poetry and ...  Read More Abstract: Narrate (rawayat) was a way to preservation and transmit of poetry. Rawayat is an Arabic word and means: carryng of water, and metaphorically means: convey the poetry and hadith. In Persian literature famous poets sang their poetry or had one or more rawis, who preserved and sang their verses. These rawis had particulars. In this essay we extract these particulars from verses and indicate them.  

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Social-Cultural Discourse of Wasef Bakhtari’s Poems

Nematollah Iranzadeh; Mohammad Shahpoor Qadery

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, , Pages 133-153

Abstract

  In critical discourse analysis, linguistic concerns and connections between discourses are examined in light of social and cultural frameworks and power dynamics in an effort to uncover ...  Read More In critical discourse analysis, linguistic concerns and connections between discourses are examined in light of social and cultural frameworks and power dynamics in an effort to uncover hidden truths in the complex production of literary works. The poems of Wasef Bakhtari have been examined in this paper using this methodology to examine social propositions, ethnic nationalism, and linguistic hegemony of the discourse of domination, representation, social atrocities, and "cultural crimes" of the dictatorial rulers of Afghanistan in the 1960s and 1970s. In contrast, using a descriptive and qualitative analytical approach, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis has been used to interpret the critical discourse of Bakhtari's poems in the field of contemporary Persian poetry from Afghanistan in three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. In Bakhtari's poems, the 1960s and 1970s represent the bright lights in the frameworks that reflect many of the social and cultural transformations that took place in ancient Iran and Khorasan. The current study helps readers in comprehending the ideologies of the poet and analyses the prevailing discourse of Afghanistan's contemporary history during the 1960s and 1970s. The findings of this study have demonstrated that Bakhtari frequently exposed the obscure elements of the strict system of the ruling discourse and the challenging class existence of the time. The poet has harshly criticized the social structure and the resentful inaction of the people against social tyranny. He has also vigorously contested the linguistic hegemony of the time.

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Simli Structure in Khosrow and Shirin, and Veis and Ramin

rohola hadi; zeinab nasiri

Volume 3, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 115-131

Abstract

  Simile is the most important principle of rhetorical figures that other principles such as metaphor, metonymyandallusion are caused by it. In this study, different types of imagery ...  Read More Simile is the most important principle of rhetorical figures that other principles such as metaphor, metonymyandallusion are caused by it. In this study, different types of imagery have been evaluated, classified, and compared with each other in Veis and Ramin, and Khosrow and Shirin from the various common aspects such as analogies, metaphors, similes, emotionality or rationality, simplicity or complexity, their ostensible structure, the frequency of similes have been uses and etc. and, at the end, a scientific statistical analyses is presented through the comparison of [1]several types of similes. As the main issue of our study, we’ve compared the types of similes, in terms of the aforementioned modes, to determine the rate of innovation and imitation of Nizami from Fakhr al-Din As'ad Gorgani’s works. The story of Khosrow and Shirin consists of 5300 verses that simile has been used in 1005 verses of it (19 percent). Veis and Ramin also consists of 8300 verses that simile has been used in 1260 verses (15.5 percent).Of the most important aspects of this study are the new and innovative similes Nizami has used in his poems, what shows his ability to create new meanings and themes. Also there are common similes and imageries in the works of both poets; what indicates thatNezami has utilized the themes of Gorgani’s Veis and Ramin repeatedly.  

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The Role of Ambiguity in Words’ Meaning Reproduction Case Study: The Divan of Homam Tabrizi 1

Fazel Abbaszadeh

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 125-142

Abstract

  Ambiguity, as one of the aesthetic tricks or techniques, makes the speech seem attractive, and the reader surprised. It looks pleasurable when its delay for accepting the meaning and ...  Read More Ambiguity, as one of the aesthetic tricks or techniques, makes the speech seem attractive, and the reader surprised. It looks pleasurable when its delay for accepting the meaning and its role in creating different meaning layers of speech is discovered. Fifteen cases of ambiguity which results in development of the words’ meaning circle on the axis of companion, have been explained in present study examined through 30 verses of Homam’s Divān to explain the plurality of meanings and dilative concepts. The author concludes his essay that Homam's Divān is full of poetic and rhetorical ambiguities that the poet has created aesthetic horizons in his poetry using several types of these artistic techniques and has opened the path of interpretation and commentary to the reader through reproduction and expansion of speech meaning in a way that it looks multi-dimensional and volumetric from the point of semantics.    

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The Role of side sources in correction of Bostan al-Arefin and Tohfat al-Moridin

Tahmineh Ataie Kachouie; Saeed Bozorg Bigdeli; Nasser Nikoubakht

Volume 3, Issue 1 , September 2013, , Pages 131-147

Abstract

  Although old texts are distorted or changed due to various reasons such as unfamiliarity of writers who take them away from their origin and make it difficult to achieve a correct edition ...  Read More Although old texts are distorted or changed due to various reasons such as unfamiliarity of writers who take them away from their origin and make it difficult to achieve a correct edition by using of the manuscripts, especially when there is a unique manuscript of the text or the existing manuscript is different with the other available versions, the Correction of each text should be usually done on the basis of its manuscript or manuscripts. The corrector has no way except referring the sources or references had been used by the author. The corrector of Bostan al-`Arefin va Tohfat al-Moridin ,one of the mystical prose texts of the fifth century which its known manuscripts are different and the problems and ambiguities of the oldest of its manuscript are not solved just through comparing, had used such method in many cases and had corrected its inaccuracies. Offering some examples of Bostan al-`Arefin va Tohfat al-Moridin and some of the other ancient texts we want to confirm the importance and the role of Sources and References in the prcess of texts correction.  

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Collocation Process in Azerbaijani Style of Poetry

Nargues Oskooie

Volume 4, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 133-149

Abstract

  The mental association and the innovation of lingual and artistic relations on two syntagmatic and paradigmatic axis results in collocation in a literary speech. In the ordinary and ...  Read More The mental association and the innovation of lingual and artistic relations on two syntagmatic and paradigmatic axis results in collocation in a literary speech. In the ordinary and formal language collocation is the necessary condition for a speech to be considered meaningful and coherent, but in literary language, there is a variety of aesthetic creativities and innovations that leads to the emergence of several collocations in the speech. So, in comparison with an ordinary language, several collocations can be found in a literary one. Of the most important and the most frequent linguistic and literary coordinates of Azerbaijani poetic style is the existence of an extensive proportion and relation in the network of words and the images, phones and concepts in each verse. This article reviews different types of collocations in Azerbaijani style.      

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Analysis of the Myth of Descent in Persian Modern Poetry On the Basis of the Poems of Seven Contemporary Poets

saghar salmaninejad mehrabadi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 133-152

Abstract

  The myth of the descent of Adam, with all its complexities, has being preoccupied the mind of human kind from the very beginning stages of creation. The Holy Books of Torah, Bible and ...  Read More The myth of the descent of Adam, with all its complexities, has being preoccupied the mind of human kind from the very beginning stages of creation. The Holy Books of Torah, Bible and Quran have each paid to different angles of this legend. Studying the modern poetry, it can be found that the contemporary poets have been under the influence of Quran and have used the teachings of Old and New Testaments to express their opinions. The story of Adam's Descent has emerged in detail in Persian modern poetry and have attracted careful and subtlety attentions: creation, original sin, the forbidden fruit, seducing, the nudity of Adam and Eve after their violation in eating the forbidden fruit, repentance, and finally, the story of their sons Cain and Abel to express the special social issues. The main question of the present research that has been accomplished through a descriptive – analytic method is how the contemporary poets have used this myth. The results show that the modern Persian poets have almost accepted the details of the descent story that are the place of disputes by different religions and religious interpreters and have pointed them severally.

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“Khorujgâh” and its Synonyms in Classical Persian Literary Texts

mahmood nadimi harandi; tahmine ataeikachuei

Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2017, , Pages 133-142

Abstract

  The term "khorujgâh" has been frequently applied in some classical Persian literary texts, such as those in 12th and 13th centuries AD (5th and 6th centuries AH). Nowadays, our ...  Read More The term "khorujgâh" has been frequently applied in some classical Persian literary texts, such as those in 12th and 13th centuries AD (5th and 6th centuries AH). Nowadays, our primary understanding of the term is "the place or the time of exit". Some contemporary researchers have compared the first component of this term "khoruj" with "khoriž" and its various forms in some dialects [such as khorij, khorič, khurij, khurič, khomuj, khumuj] and they have finally concluded that "khoriž" means fire. While regarding its application in different literary texts of 12th and 13th centuries AD. "khoruj" in "khorujgâh" is the known Arabic infinitive "to exit". Reviewing what the scholars have said, it is shown in present essay, that there is a link between "khorujgâh" and the Quranic phrase of "yawm al-khoruj"(the Day of Emergence) and is equal to "Eidgâh", "namâzgâh" and "moşallâ" to name the place where most of the Muslims gatherings such as praying for Eid al-Fiţr and Eid al-Adha, or praying for rain and their other religious rituals were held. In our days, "Mosalla" has been gradually replaced these names.  

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An Analytical Review on Transtextual Relations between Nushdāru (a Novel) and Shāhnāmeh

Alireza Emami; Sayyed Mohammad Sahebi; Fatemeh Zamani

Volume 7, Issue 1 , October 2017, , Pages 133-151

Abstract

  Nushdāru (antidote), a novel by Ali Mơazzeni, is one of the contemporary literary fictional texts has extensively communicated whit mythical and epic stories of Shāhnāmeh such ...  Read More Nushdāru (antidote), a novel by Ali Mơazzeni, is one of the contemporary literary fictional texts has extensively communicated whit mythical and epic stories of Shāhnāmeh such as Rostam and Sohrāb, Siyāvash, Fereydun and Zahhāk. Exploring these relationships not only leads to a better understanding of the novel, but also is beneficial to identify the components of contemporary fictions have been influenced by epic works specially Shāhnāmeh. To achieve this, in present essay, the transtextual relations between Nushdāru and Shāhnāmeh have been reviewed and analyzed bases on Gerard Genette`s theory. He divides these types of relations into five categories: Intertextuality, Paratextuality, Metatextuality, Architextuality, and Hypertextuality. Some introductory discussions have been proposed, first about intertextuality and transtextuality, and then different types of transtextual relations have separately discussed in each part of the essay through a brief review of the novel’s content. Finally, their features and instances in Nushdāru have been analyzed in comparison to Shāhnāmeh.

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The Literary Theory of Indian Style, with Emphasis on the Poems of Saib Tabrizi

Shahrbanoo Babaie; Abdollah Tolouie Azar; Fatemeh Modarresi

Volume 7, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 133-149

Abstract

  The poets' attitudes of each period about the definition of poetry enlighten the characteristics of the type of poetry in which was accepted in that era. In general, the outcomings ...  Read More The poets' attitudes of each period about the definition of poetry enlighten the characteristics of the type of poetry in which was accepted in that era. In general, the outcomings of these attitudes can theoretically make the definition of a favorable poem clear in each period. Therefore, we can interpret these attitudes as "literary theories" of the periods. The poets in the Safavid era, especially SaibTabrizi as the most prominent of them, have also expressed their views about poetry in their poems and have provided a definition of poetry different from earlier periods. It has been tried, in present study, to explain and explore the features of the poetic theory of this age through analysis taking advantage of the works of prominent poets. The major focus has been on SaibTabrizi's poems, as the most famous character of Indian style. The results show that the definition of poets of the type of poetry in this era is quite different from what in earlier periods. Irrelevant meaning and content are considered as the most important elements in defining and evaluating poetry which leads to the rejection of poem by the poets, if not followed.  

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Allegory, Its Forms and Function in Five Historical Texts

Sayyed morteza mirhashemi; Habibollah Abbasi; elham salehi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , July 2020, , Pages 133-153

Abstract

  Conveying the message to the reader is the main function of prose, especially a historical text. Therefore, such a text should use less rhetorical methods that hinder the achievement ...  Read More Conveying the message to the reader is the main function of prose, especially a historical text. Therefore, such a text should use less rhetorical methods that hinder the achievement of this goal. However, since in Persian literature, poetry has been the dominant literary medium and prose has been influenced by it, prose has inevitably adopted various literary techniques that are specific to poetry. Even historical prose, whose job it is to report the history directly and without the intervention of poetic emotion, is no exception. Even some historians, instead of remaining faithful to their historiographical task and only recounting historical events, have adopted a literary tradition and have become literati-historians. One of the literary devices employed by such historians is “allegory.” So far, most researchers have studied the use of allegory in poetry, and have paid less attention to its presence in Persian prose. Thus, using a documentary-analytical method, this article examines this literary approach in the important texts of historical prose in order to evaluate the historiography of the authors of these books. It tries to demonstrate that the authors of historical texts use various forms of allegory and this does not prevent their texts from conveying their messages, but helps transmit objective concepts and retell historical facts to the reader.

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Ibn-e Hâjib in a Fictional Allusion

Mohammad Shadrooymanesh

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2016, , Pages 135-148

Abstract

  There is a semi-proverbial expression in some Persian literary texts that has not yet indexed in none of Persian dictionaries –such as Loqat-nameh or any other proverb references ...  Read More There is a semi-proverbial expression in some Persian literary texts that has not yet indexed in none of Persian dictionaries –such as Loqat-nameh or any other proverb references and has been totally neglected. Accordingly it seems necessary being explained.  It has been mentioned under different topics such as Ibn-e Hâjib’s lamb, Ibn-e Hâjib’s sheep, Ibn-e Hâjib’s ewe in Divans of Adib-ol-Mamâlek, Ghâ’âni, and Taghi Dânesh. The present essay is to explore the historical-fictional roots of the subject and to show that Ibn-e Hâjib in the story related to this proverb is the Arabic grammarian who lived in 6th and 7th centuries AH (12th -13th centuries AD) who linked to al-Dīn Tūsī in a legendary story.  On the basis of the story, after the conquest of Baghdad and fall of Abbasid caliphate by Hulagu Khan, Ibn-e Hâjib was hiden for fear of Khawaja Nasīr due to a history of animosity with him, and Khawaja could find him using a special trick entrusting sheep to each household in Baghdad. It has also been made clear that the story is fabricated according to the reasons mentioned.

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Dhu'l-Nun al-Misri

Marzie Golrang Rahbar

Volume 5, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 141-160

Abstract

  Abu'l Faid Thawban ibn Ibrahim, known as Dhu'l-Nun al-Misri, is one of the most prominent figures in the history of Sufism.  He is certainly considered as one of the top ten Sufi ...  Read More Abu'l Faid Thawban ibn Ibrahim, known as Dhu'l-Nun al-Misri, is one of the most prominent figures in the history of Sufism.  He is certainly considered as one of the top ten Sufi scholars throughout the history. Recognition of his status and his unheard words, as an effective criterion of western Islam-world, seems necessary to recognize Islamic Sufism, for most of resources appreciate him as the first one who had spoken of “Blame” and its role in Sufis status reformation. Present article has been written for this purpose, but it’s not possible to make all aspects of Dhu'l-Nun’s life clear because of his exceptional and privileged position in Islamic Sufism; so some of them such as his works, the extent of his relationship with his contemporaries, with religion and alchemy, and his role in Mihnah, as a very important and controversial event, aren’t now considered up to an appropriate time.

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Mystical Ontology in Feyz Kashani’s Sonnets

Leila Nowruzpur

Volume 8, Issue 2 , May 2019, , Pages 141-159

Abstract

  Feyz Kashani (died in 1680) was a philosopher and a poet whose poetry, although not literally considerable, holds a very important role in terms of understanding the nature of Persian ...  Read More Feyz Kashani (died in 1680) was a philosopher and a poet whose poetry, although not literally considerable, holds a very important role in terms of understanding the nature of Persian mystical sonnet. The study of his sonnets shows that Feyz has benefited the form of sonnets to express prayers, eulogies, and religious advices and sometimes social criticism. The mystical manifestation of his poetry, especially influenced by Ibn Arabi's mysticism, is recognizable in many of his sonnets. In this paper, briefly in the epistemological discussion, an overview has been conducted on the ways of acquiring knowledge and the necessity of inner-self polishing to gain wisdom from the point of Feyz's view. Then, in the ontology section, some of his poems that contain themes such as: the relation between God and universe, the manifestation of unity in plurality, passing the plurality to get unity, the manifestation of the unseen world in intuition, the sacred and holy grace, the mercy and inherent poverty of creatures, the relation between the component and the whole, man as the manifestation of comprehensive name, recreation of samples and mortality of unfair have been analyzed. Fayz's view is influenced by transcendental wisdom; because the mystical and intuitive knowledge are of its epistemic resources. Some of Feyz's sonnets have been selected and examined, in present study, to show how his mystical thoughts are converted into a literary style of expression. The results show that the ideas expressed in these poems have gotten poetic aspect through the order of words, secondary implications, associations and imagination.

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“Khoshni” or “Khonsa”? Correcting some Lines of Khaqani’s Divan

majid mansouri

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2019, , Pages 145-160

Abstract

  Many lines of Khaqani’s divan have been misunderstood because of its complexities and nuances as well as the use of whimsical words and words in different semantic contexts. At ...  Read More Many lines of Khaqani’s divan have been misunderstood because of its complexities and nuances as well as the use of whimsical words and words in different semantic contexts. At the same time, this vastness of words and phrases in Khaqani’s poetry caused his divan to be one of the major sources of new words and poetic evidence for ancient lexicologists. Investigators of Khaqani’s divan have occasionally used invalid dictionaries—such as Jahangiri, Borhan, and Majmaolfors—to correct Khaqani’s dubious and controversial lines; therefore they have sometimes misunderstood them. In this study, while looking critically at dictionaries and using evidence from ancient texts, suggestions are put forward to correct three lines of Khaqani’s divan, and it is demonstrated that the word “khoshni” (meaning prostitute) is the result of the erroneous reading of “khonsa” (meaning bisexual) in a few lines of this divan. Unawareness of the meaning of “khonsa” and “mokhannas” is one of the main reasons that has prevented scholars from recognizing the original form of Khaqani’s manuscripts, while paying attention to the correspondences between the words and the phrases contained in the lines and the use of identical themes in the works of Khaqani could be one of the ways of correcting his poems.

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The importance of the knowledge of meanings to understand Hafiz’s Roguery

Dr.Teymoor Malmir

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 147-158

Abstract

  Many of distiches of Hafiz verse, without any difficulties in words and phrases, are doubtful and controversial. This is an inherent feature of his sonnets and relates to his roguish ...  Read More Many of distiches of Hafiz verse, without any difficulties in words and phrases, are doubtful and controversial. This is an inherent feature of his sonnets and relates to his roguish versing manner; and in fact, is a part of his own roguery. To understand Hafiz’s roguery, we have no choice except using a method that is able to remove those doubts. Considering his skills in Islamic rhetoric, knowledge of meanings might have been one of efficient tools to realize Hafiz’s roguery and to solve disagreements on controversies in his Diwan. So the author peruses some controversial distiches with attention to their secondary meanings which are of main topics in knowledge of meanings to indicate the efficiency rate of “Meanings” in his roguery understanding.

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The Influence of the Element of Mood in Creating Epic Content in “Haft Khan Esfandiyar” of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh

Azam Hoseinzadeh Salati; Sayeed Mahdi Nouriyan; Sayeed Mortaza Hashemi Babaheydari

Volume 10, Issue 1 , September 2020, , Pages 147-169

Abstract

  In the field of contemporary storytelling, recognizing the literary type of a work and its characteristics depends on assessing the constructive components of that story. One of the ...  Read More In the field of contemporary storytelling, recognizing the literary type of a work and its characteristics depends on assessing the constructive components of that story. One of the most important and influential of these components is the mood. Proper use of the mood is very important, especially in epic works. This is because the epic poet can convey the dominant atmosphere of the work to the reader. This study examines and identifies influential factors in mood and the creation of epic content in the story of “Haft Khan Esfandiyar” from Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Considering Ferdowsi’s masterfulness in composing the national epic of Iran, analyzing the stories of Shahnameh is necessary in understanding the features of this literary genre. In “Haft Khan Esfandiyar,” Ferdowsi has created a mood and content appropriate to the nature of epic by using the element of “defamiliarization” in the form of celestial forces, natural elements, and magical affairs. Moreover, the heroism of Esfandiyar in passing through “Haft Khan,” with the help of hyperbole, which is an inseparable part of epic, has highlighted the epic mood of the story. In this story, exaggeration sometimes directly and sometimes in the form of similes, metaphors, irony or in the context, effect the epic mood of the story, and the proper use of these devices by Ferdowsi, together with defamiliarization, plays a significant role in creating the epic content of “Haft Khan Esfandiyar.”

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The Techniques of Adaptation of Quranic Verses and Hadiths in Nafsat al-Masdoor

Hossein Ghorbanpoorarani; Hamzeh Mohammadi

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2021, , Pages 147-168

Abstract

  Writers sometimes use Quranic verses to show their complete and artistic mastery over rhetoric, and they sometimes, with poetic and skillful illustrations and by referring to verses, ...  Read More Writers sometimes use Quranic verses to show their complete and artistic mastery over rhetoric, and they sometimes, with poetic and skillful illustrations and by referring to verses, equip their speech with expressions and words on the basis of rhyme, or they create a masterpiece with alliteration, allegory, metaphor, and personification. Nafsat al-Masdoor, the excellent work of Mohammad Zeidari Nasavi, is an example of this; especially that the author, while using the verbal advantages of verses and hadiths as well as the literary style of the Quran and the rhythm of words, has considered the deep conceptual use of verses of the Quran and hadiths. Adaptation and use of verses and hadiths is one of the most important features of technical prose. Nafsat al-Masdoor is one of the most prominent historical-literary books in which the use of verses and hadiths is due to the authors' connection with the Ghaznavid sultans and the Mongols. His knowledge of political events and the expression of the politicians’ goals and their political secrecy in the form of literary tricks is one of the important features of this book. The present study uses the library method and content analysis to follow the common methods of using the verses and hadiths in Nafsat al-Masdoor as well as the innovative methods of Zeidari in adapting verses and hadiths. It should be noted that in the verbal application of the verses, some special methods are included as additional explanations in the text, which indicate the author's power in combining Quranic verses with his words. Spiritually, in most cases, the adaptation of verses and hadiths has been completed without semantic mediation.

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Investigating the Effect of Animism on Interpretability in the Poems of Yadollah Royaee Based on the Theory of Reception

Fatemeh Modarresi; hadi tite; mahsa imani

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, , Pages 155-165

Abstract

  Yadollah Royaei is one of the poets and theorists of volume poetry or spasmantalism in whose nature nature has a significant presence. A dreamer looks at nature as an independent human ...  Read More Yadollah Royaei is one of the poets and theorists of volume poetry or spasmantalism in whose nature nature has a significant presence. A dreamer looks at nature as an independent human being or organism that has the behavior, states, actions, and reactions of a living being. In rhetoric, this type of function is called animism. This animism has two aspects in royaei  poetry, either at the level of composition and in a metaphorical way, or in the axis of companionship and by attributing human adjectives, behaviors, actions and reactions to objects and phenomena. It happens naturally. In royaei poetry, natural phenomena sometimes appear not as a human being but as an independent being. Royaei in animation-related images uses techniques and arrangements that trigger multiple perceptions and interpretations and help the audience to reproduce the work, in other words, it is the audience who recites the poem. Reproduces. In this way, the poet constantly renews his poetry. These tricks include collecting mental images related to animism, using rhetorical interference, and associating eroticism with animism. In this research, we study the techniques and royaei arrangements to achieve multiple interpretations in images related to animism based on the theory and analyze the samples, express multiple interpretations and reasons for interpretability based on We will deal with the measures taken.

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The comprehension of literary texts in 8-12 years old Children

mostefa musavi; mona sifi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 133-152

Abstract

  Many students are being faced to some problems in instructive skills such as Reading and Comprehension especially when they study literary texts, [1]both in school and university. To ...  Read More Many students are being faced to some problems in instructive skills such as Reading and Comprehension especially when they study literary texts, [1]both in school and university. To solve this problem, such skills should [2]be taught with a method that the learner(s) has an active relation to the text and its components. He (She) should be able to make a connection between the text and his (her) previous knowledge, learn some points out of it and eventually comprehend it. Active reading strategies such as repetition and practice, displaying the reading process, mass-reading, simultaneous use of reading’s four skills, discussing the characters and comprehension of literary texts for the children of 8 to 12 years old (primary) are the element will be analyzed in present essay through three phases of pre-reading, reading and post-reading. Besides the features of a literary text (its relation to the standard language, to the grammar and to the literary arrays) suitable for a special age-group are listed and it has been reasonably tried to answer these questions: “Is it really necessary to re-write the literary texts to this age-group or not? ; and if it is necessary, How should it be done?”    

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Epistemology of Satire in the Works of Sanai Ghaznavi

narges oskoui

Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2017, , Pages 143-160

Abstract

  Didactic satire can be considered as an important part of Persian didactic literature, especially after Sanai. This type of humor is often narrative, sarcastic, bitter, sometimes amoral, ...  Read More Didactic satire can be considered as an important part of Persian didactic literature, especially after Sanai. This type of humor is often narrative, sarcastic, bitter, sometimes amoral, abnormal, effective and ultimately purposeful and meaningful. The intellectual infrastructure of didactic satire in Sanai's speech has been studied in present paper. Sanai believed in pure obedience to the Qur'anic teachings and religious guidance as the only way leads to this goal, but man is more interested to move arrogantly relying on his perceptual power. Since these senses are inefficient to obtain such knowledge, they result in the Man's misleading, although He still lives in the illusion of knowledge. So a dual and ridiculous status is going to be created. The didactic satire of Sanai was constructed on a narrow border of knowledge and an illusion of knowledge, and his main purpose of creating such humorous anecdotes and analogies was to boast human being his cognitive errors. So, it can be claimed that most of Sanai's satires were based on Islamic philosophy and his epistemological attitudes, and were established on his abundant criticisms and protests to the man's emphasis on his inefficient cognitive senses to achieve a perfect understanding of the truth.       

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The Linguistic Features of Sohrab Sepehri’s Poetry

jvad semadi

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 145-161

Abstract

  The specific aspects of words and, by extension, the language of Sohrab Sepehri have been explored through this descriptive – analytic study.It includes the study of words from ...  Read More The specific aspects of words and, by extension, the language of Sohrab Sepehri have been explored through this descriptive – analytic study.It includes the study of words from the perspective of their types and structures with an emphasis on innovation, the study of adjective deviations such as: "the green silence of the grass",  the study of the archaic words, grammatical changes of the words such as the changes occur in the adjectives: " the net-curtain black", or the changes occur in the nouns: " the claws of silver" and the changes occur in the adverbs: "With a body of forevers of injury", and the study of innovative descriptive - possessive Compounds. We are going to show, through this study, that Sepehri has had a considerable share in coining new words (neologism), and ultimately in Persian language enrichment.  

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Naturalism in the Works of Mahmoud Dowlat-ābadi

Mehdi Sharifiyan; Faramarz Rahmani

Volume 3, Issue 1 , September 2013, , Pages 149-168

Abstract

  The narrations of Mahmoud Dowlat-ābadi can be considered as a prism which should be criticized in different aspects. There are threads of realistic, naturalistic and somehow surrealistic ...  Read More The narrations of Mahmoud Dowlat-ābadi can be considered as a prism which should be criticized in different aspects. There are threads of realistic, naturalistic and somehow surrealistic thoughts in his works. Due to the wide range of subjects, we try to analyze just a few of his naturalistic thoughts in present article.  Naturalism is the extremist form of realism. This school of literary theory assumes behavior, tendency and thought as the results of natural desires and instincts. It respects any supernatural phenomena and interprets all the facts and phenomena of nature and natural sciences. Naturalism, in literature, emphasizes on inheritance of environment and viewing life apart from idealism and tries, in this way, to draw the details even unpleasantly. Literary naturalism entered Iran in the period of Constitutional Movement through translation of foreign works and impacted some Iranian authors such as Sadegh Hedayat, and Sadegh Choobak. This article has studied, in a descriptive-analytic manner, the influence of naturalism on the works of Mahmoud Dowlat-ābadi.    

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Hujviri’s Methodology in Defining and Criticizing the Sufism Terminology

Alireza Mohammadi Kaleh-Sar

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2016, , Pages 149-168

Abstract

  Adhering to the old traditions, Hujviri employs a particular method in his own definitions of the principles and terminology of Sufism that can justify his different comment on such ...  Read More Adhering to the old traditions, Hujviri employs a particular method in his own definitions of the principles and terminology of Sufism that can justify his different comment on such matters. Present essay is to study Hujviri’s methodological principles to analyze his approach in definition of mystical terms. Centrality of human annihilation and the focus on his inherent limitations are the most important methodological principles of Hujviri in Kashf al-Mahjub. Emphasizing one of these principles, Hujviri has expressed his ideas in different sections of definition, interpretation, comparison and evaluation of Sufism terminology. He focuses more on the first principle to define the terms and to criticize their efficiency; on the second principle to evaluate the others' definitions; and on both principles to compare the terms. The above-mentioned principles make the direction of Hujviri’s hermeneutic of Qur'anic verses, allegories and stories clear. They also reveal a semantic relation in Sufism terms in Kashf al-Mahjub and fluctuate Hujviri’s viewpoint between definability and indefinability of terms. 

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