Persian Literature

Amr Ibn Bahr Al- Jahiz

Mohsen Jahangiri

Volume 1, Issue 6 , August 2011, , Pages 1-16

Abstract

  Like Volter, French salient author, Al- Jahiz is a philosopher literate; namely, literary dimension of his personality predominates over his philosophical character. Like other great ...  Read More Like Volter, French salient author, Al- Jahiz is a philosopher literate; namely, literary dimension of his personality predominates over his philosophical character. Like other great literati and writer of the world, he was a master in all sciences and knowledge of his age including philosophy, speech, politics, and a verity of customs, beliefs and religions and in some of them he was skillful and adroit and wrote books and pamphlets. Among classic writers, the main advantage of Al- Jahiz was in that like the contransitory and modern well- known authors, he has pondered about realities of life and daily problems of community including racism, differences in religions and beliefs and caste characteristics and even morality and behavior of individuals while ignoring ideal community or so-called Utopia. He did not intend to create an ideal socity in his mind in order to laed people toward such community, but instead he made effort only to identify and making the community known at his time. In his philosophical thoughts and contemplations, he was thinking about sensible and tangible realities like Greek naturalist philosophers before Socrates while he has avoided from metaphysical generalities and abstractions beyond feeling and senses. Al-Jahiz was a mirthful and smiley writer and philosopher and loved all states of life and like Volter; he both laughed himself and made the others to laugh.

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Arabic distiches of Abbasid poets in the History of Jahangoshay-e-Joweini

Dr. Abdoreza Seif; Mohyedin Amjadi

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 1-14

Abstract

  The history of Jahangosha is a literary-historical work created byAta Malik Joweini using verbal and spiritual industries and several metaphors and allegories from different Quranic ...  Read More The history of Jahangosha is a literary-historical work created byAta Malik Joweini using verbal and spiritual industries and several metaphors and allegories from different Quranic and Islamic traditions and Persian and Arabic poems. One important aspect of this work, adducing or borrowing from Arabic distiches, is going to be analyzed in this paper. Joweini has used many different Arabic verses to make his work more literary. Sometimes he imports a hemistich or a distich in the statement in a way that confusion will be the result of its omitting, and sometimes, uses it to confirm its own subject. There are many different distiches of Arab poets in this work. Abbasid poets, such as Abu Novas, Abu Tamam, Motenabbi, Abu al-?Athiyya, Abu al-?Ala?Mo?ari and etc. are being analyzed among them inthis essay.

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Analysis of myths of Keykhosro, Garshasb and Jamshid based from Yung’s points of view

Nasrollah Emami; Azarmidokht Rokni

Volume 2, Issue 1 , October 2013, , Pages 1-12

Abstract

  Immortality and gaining eternal life are the man’s oldest desires. He extends these intra-desires on his champions of myths. Champions of several myths and legends, experiment ...  Read More Immortality and gaining eternal life are the man’s oldest desires. He extends these intra-desires on his champions of myths. Champions of several myths and legends, experiment the eternal life differently, whiles death is the destiny of all. So, many believe that champions will be renewed after their symbolic death. Yung looks on all champions’ lives as sun and assesses champions’ eternal returns as the man’s request to access his initial comfort. This research analyzes the archetypal lives of three Iranian mythological champions, experimenting death and renovation in three different ways, fulfilling the human’s old desires.

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To wear Ear-ring in Persian History and Literature

Mahmoud Abedi; Abbas Beg Jan Beg Jani

Volume 2, Issue 2 , May 2013, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  “Ear-ring wearing " is an ancient ritual that was common among folks and different social groups, and was done for various purposes. It has been shown in the studies that both ...  Read More “Ear-ring wearing " is an ancient ritual that was common among folks and different social groups, and was done for various purposes. It has been shown in the studies that both humans and animals were being worn ear-ring from longs ago. Although some kinds of them were used as an adornment or makeup tool, but the ear-rings were mostly considered as a sign of slavery. Contemplating on the historical background of such ritual and utilizing several samples out of literary and historical texts, the authors of present article try to explain the usage, the meaning and the shape of ear-rings throughout Persian history and literature.

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Amr Ibn Bahr Al- Jahiz

moshen jhangiri

Volume 1, 7و8 , February 2011, , Pages 1-26

Abstract

  Like Volter, French salient author, Al- Jahiz is a philosopher literate; namely, literary dimension of his personality predominates over his philosophical character. Like other great ...  Read More Like Volter, French salient author, Al- Jahiz is a philosopher literate; namely, literary dimension of his personality predominates over his philosophical character. Like other great literati and writer of the world, he was a master in all sciences and knowledge of his age including philosophy, speech, politics, and a verity of customs, beliefs and religions and in some of them he was skillful and adroit and wrote books and pamphlets. Among classic writers, the main advantage of Al- Jahiz was in that like the contransitory and modern well- known authors, he has pondered about realities of life and daily problems of community including racism, differences in religions and beliefs and caste characteristics and even morality and behavior of individuals while ignoring ideal community or so-called Utopia. He did not intend to create an ideal socity in his mind in order to laed people toward such community, but instead he made effort only to identify and making the community known at his time. In his philosophical thoughts and contemplations, he was thinking about sensible and tangible realities like Greek naturalist philosophers before Socrates while he has avoided from metaphysical generalities and abstractions beyond feeling and senses. Al-Jahiz was a mirthful and smiley writer and philosopher and loved all states of life and like Volter; he both laughed himself and made the others to laugh.  

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The poetics of Narration in “An Indian in Astara”

Saeed Vaez; Abdollah Albughobaysh

Volume 3, Issue 1 , September 2013, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  In the poetics of Aristotle, Art and literature are imitations of reality and all literary elements have objective representation in the real world. Following the theories of Ferdinand ...  Read More In the poetics of Aristotle, Art and literature are imitations of reality and all literary elements have objective representation in the real world. Following the theories of Ferdinand de Saussure and Roman Jakobson and formation of new literary approaches such as Structuralism, there existed a modern poetics which didn’t consider Literature as an imitation of Reality but introduces it as reconstruction of a world absolutely different from real world, a world in which the elements, through a dialectic interactive relationship, consist whole literary text.  In present article, The authors have tried, on theoretical basis of linguistic and structural approaches, to analyze the differences between Aristotelian poetics and what known as Modern poetics (depended on Saussure theory) in “An Indian in Astara”, one of the stories of a collection titled “Again from those Streets” written by Bizhan Najdi. They want to explain how Modern poetics can show that a literary text belongs to the present time not the past history.

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The Characteristics of a Mystic Politician in the View of Early Sufis

Manuchehr Akbari; Mahdi Heidari

Volume 3, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

  Muslim mystics have turned to political issues relying on both unity and plurality criteria.  They have explained the characteristics of a mystic politician emphasizing the necessity ...  Read More Muslim mystics have turned to political issues relying on both unity and plurality criteria.  They have explained the characteristics of a mystic politician emphasizing the necessity of mysticism for politicians and even the necessity of politics for mystics. Taking a social viewpoint, the early Sufis, paid a particular attention to this important matter in their speech and behavior, and invited other Sufis to be bounteous and to get a fair and compassionate approach to their disciples.  The Sufis who lived in the reign of oppressive Umayyad [1]and Abbasid caliphs tried to clarify the real face of Islamic ruler explaining the features of a mystic ruler and modeling the manner of holy prophets and the companions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon Him).  They have also had some political attitudes in their works which can be discussed independently. Considering the primary sources and trying to establish a close association to the main origins, in present essay, we have determined the range of the research up to the 4th Hijri century with a glance on the works and speeches of some mystics such as Hasan Basri, Sofyan Suri, Fozeil Ayāz, Hārith Mohāsebi, Zonnun Mesri, Yahyā bin Maʻāz, Abu-Hātam Rāzi, Bāyazid Bastāmi, Sahl Tostari, Abu-Saeed Kharrāz, Termazi, Joneid, Shebli, Kolābāzi, Sarraj, Makki, Khargushi and Solami.    

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Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in Persian using the Lattice Model and Integrate

ali mohammad moazeni; Shahrooz Khanjari

Volume 4, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 1-16

Abstract

  Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner have considered the issue of conceptual metaphor as a special case of more general and comprehensive matter. This vast matter is the analysis of Mind ...  Read More Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner have considered the issue of conceptual metaphor as a special case of more general and comprehensive matter. This vast matter is the analysis of Mind System mechanism when it exposes to conceptual domains. To describe such a process, Fauconnier and Turner use the term of Mental or Conceptual Space. They believe that in order to understand much of human thought complexities, the pattern of one or two domains would be insufficient and a  Latticed (or multi-spaced) model should be provided to explain human’s imaginative thought. A latticed model consists of three input, blended and generic spaces. The main purpose, in present paper, is to show how it can improve the accuracy of conceptual metaphor analysis and how it helps the reader to analyze the elements of the poetic imagination. It will also be examined how much the latticed model would be useful to analyze the conceptual metaphors in the Persian Literature, especially in Persian Poetry.    

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The Semiotics of Religious Experiences in Mystical Prose Texts

timmor malmir; hadi degani

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  According to the importance of symbolism in mystical narratives, and of course to the existence of a need for them to be interpreted in order to understand the text and its narrative ...  Read More According to the importance of symbolism in mystical narratives, and of course to the existence of a need for them to be interpreted in order to understand the text and its narrative details, we have analyzed three authentic and effective works: initially Tazkirat al-Awliyā by Attar, secondly Kashf-ol-Mahjoob by Hojviri and at the end Resaleh of Ghoshairieh by Ghoshairi through a semiotic approach. The method of Charles Pierce is one of the most effective methods suitable for the narratives of mystical semiotics. He pays more attention to the importance of interpretation and explanation and emphasizes on referential function. So, using his method, we have studied the symbols of the religious experiences in three above-mentioned works.  The symbols of religious experience narratives appear in two categories of Delight and Fear. The root of the delight experience, which is full of joy and happiness, is in the encounter of “You and I” to a sacred existence. The root of the fear experience, which is full of bewilderment and horror, is in the encounter of “You and We” to a sacred existence. The results of this research show that many of these multi- layer symbols have referential functions. There are several means of transmission and reflection for the feeling sacred existence and religious experience in different cultural horizons.  

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Awhad al-Din Kermani The Rise of Ibn Arabi’s Thoughts in Persian Literature

Alimohammad Moazzeni; Mehdi Heydari

Volume 5, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  The rise-point of Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn 'Arabī’s thoughts in Persian literature seems somehow vague.   Awhad al-Din Kermani was the closest person to him in term ...  Read More The rise-point of Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn 'Arabī’s thoughts in Persian literature seems somehow vague.   Awhad al-Din Kermani was the closest person to him in term of time and is known as one of his same-age close friends. Awhad al-Din has pointed to their own intimate relationships and meetings in Konya, Cairo and Damascus in his biographies and praising works. This intimacy was to the extent that Ibn 'Arabī gave Awhad al-Din the esoteric training of Sadr al-Din Qunawi. Moreover, in his Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya ("The Meccan Illuminations"), Sheikh al-Akbar referred to Awhad al-Din and explained what he had heard from his mouth. There are also pantheistic concepts with declaration of word in Awhad al-Din’s quatrains that have romantic tone and confirm that he was affected by sheikh al-Akbar. The concepts of permanent archetypes and perfect human have been explored through a romantic mysticism and an aesthetic thought in the quatrains of Awhad al-Din. We are, in present article, to prove Awhad al-Din as the first Persian poet who was influenced by Ibn 'Arabī’s thoughts using historical evidences and based on his poems, and even that he had granted the color of pantheistic ideas, just like what belonged to Ibn 'Arabī, along with a romantic mysticism  before Qunawi and his colleagues.

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Cycle and cyclic Meter and the origin of Poetic Choice in cyclic Meter

Abdoreaz Seif; Mohammad Javad Azimi

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2016, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

  The word “Cycle” (Dowr in Persian) has been used in the old prosody, but cyclic meter has been discussed anymore. Cyclic meters, in modern prosody, refers to a group of ...  Read More The word “Cycle” (Dowr in Persian) has been used in the old prosody, but cyclic meter has been discussed anymore. Cyclic meters, in modern prosody, refers to a group of intermitted-basis meters that standing a long syllable instead of stretched syllable at the end of half-hemistich makes no disorder in the meter, and the poet is allowed to use a stretched syllable in half-hemistich of these meters instead of a long syllable. The definition of cyclic meter and its circumstances have been always controversial between experts. Cycle in music and old prosody, explanation of cyclic meters circumstances, a critical analysis of cyclic meters features and their differences with intermitted-basis meters are being studied in present paper. The definition of "periodicity" and "the silence time in half-hemistich" for the meters in Persian poetry and the origin of poetic license will subsequently be reviewed and the distinction between cyclic and non-cyclic prosodies will be discussed on the basis of these two features.

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A Critical Analysis of the Verbal Moods in Persian Language

mona valipour

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 1-15

Abstract

  Mood is, in general, a meaning concept that indicates the speaker’s point of view about a proposition. There are different modal elements in each language to embody a mood; in ...  Read More Mood is, in general, a meaning concept that indicates the speaker’s point of view about a proposition. There are different modal elements in each language to embody a mood; in other words, different languages have variety of methods to express modal concepts. Using verbal moods is one of these methods. Verbal mood represents the morphology of a verb and can hence be considered as a grammatical issue. Examining the history of Persian grammar   makes it clear that Persian grammarians have finally reached a consensus that there are three different types of moods in Persian language named Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative. This study is to show that the distinction between subjunctive and imperative moods, that is just its morphological outbreak, is not a modal distinction and it is not possible to distinguish these two verbal groups in terms of verbal mood. In other words it can be said that there are only two verbal moods in Persian language: indicative and non-indicative. It has also been tried, in present study, to provide an explanation about being zero of the second person singular feature.

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Arabic Lyricism, the Hidden Text of Persian Lyricism

habib o llah abbasi; seyyed morteza mirhashemi; effat neghabi; zahra saadatynia

Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2017, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  There is no self-sufficient text. Each text is an intertextuality of hypotexts (earlier texts) and will be, at a same time, an intertextuality of the hypertexts (future texts). Intertextuality ...  Read More There is no self-sufficient text. Each text is an intertextuality of hypotexts (earlier texts) and will be, at a same time, an intertextuality of the hypertexts (future texts). Intertextuality is a modern approach that plays an important role in exploring the relations between different texts. Lyricism, as an introduction to ode, is a suitable arena for lyrical expression performance. The Persian lyricism is not a self-sufficient text, but it is an intertextual for its earlier text as much as it is considered an intertextual for sonnet. The introductions of Arabic odes are outstanding intertextualities for Persian lyricism.  Persian lyricism has been affected by Arabic intertextuals not only in form but in content. It has been trying to explore the hidden text of Persian lyricism through a transtexual approach. Persian lyricism has both explicit and implicit relation with its earlier text. The hypotext and the hypertext of lyricism establish intertextual and transtextual relations with each other.   

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The Music of Sounds in Mowlavi's Masnavi and Sonnets

ali mohammad moazzeni; hadi ansari

Volume 7, Issue 1 , October 2017, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

  Because the soul of Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Mowlavi was mixed with music and the music had penetrated in all aspects of his existence, his poetic works are full of phones, intonations ...  Read More Because the soul of Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Mowlavi was mixed with music and the music had penetrated in all aspects of his existence, his poetic works are full of phones, intonations and musical elements. According to his poems, especially his sonnets, it can be concluded that he was scientifically and even practically expert in music of his time. When his speech becomes full of rhythm and music, one can understand the meaning of his words, and that the music of the poem is rooted in the cosmos and "sounds" of any kind are the best tools for creating music in his opinion. These sounds and intonations represent Mowlavi's enthusiastic and roaring soul that always moves and struggles restlessly. Music helps him significantly to get "meaning" from the "word". Among the various kinds of music, in Mowlavi's verses, one can find a type of music that sounds and their repetitions play an important role to create it. In this music of sounds, which is created through a harmony between consonants and vowels and relates to the internal music of the poetry, Mowlavi has abundantly used sound (quasi-sentence), onomatopoeia, subsidiaries (apparently obscure but music producer words), and prosodic elements.

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Explaining Metaphor in the Status of Lyric Poems; Based on Five Romantic Poems

hossain aghahosaini; Assieh Mohammad Ebrahimi

Volume 7, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  The vocabulary selection and how to arrange them in the sentence based on syntactic conditions, or escaping from these conditions and forms of imagination can be considered as the most ...  Read More The vocabulary selection and how to arrange them in the sentence based on syntactic conditions, or escaping from these conditions and forms of imagination can be considered as the most important features of any language. Analyzing the language of each work according to its intrinsic features and reviewing the deviations occur in the range of text can indicate its type. Different types of simile, as one of the most important foundations of eloquence, are effective in the rise of language identity in accordance with its lyrical contents and serves the emotional, literary, and inductive approaches of the language. Also, the vocabulary used in form of tenor, vehicle and simile attribute helps the language of these works being explained. On the other hand, the simile intents and the roles they play to transfer the content are proportional to the type of lyrical themes and are among the factors influence the audience alongside the other coordinates of lyrical language. It has been tried in this study to explain the role of this element of eloquence in five lyric poems with the same subject and to describe one of the characteristics of lyrical language based on achieved common aspects.                                                              

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Inspiration and Industry in the Opinion of Persian Mystic Poets (The Opinion of Sanai, Attar and Mowlavi about the Origin of Poetry)

Alireza Hajian Nejad; Roohollah Hadi; yasin Esmaeili

Volume 8, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  Determining the origin of poetry has always been one of the oldest issues of literary criticism. This debate began firstly in Greece where, based on existing sources, Plato and Aristotle ...  Read More Determining the origin of poetry has always been one of the oldest issues of literary criticism. This debate began firstly in Greece where, based on existing sources, Plato and Aristotle presented their theories about it. It has also been taken into consideration in the Arab literature. During Jāhilīyah period, the Arabs believed in "subsidiary"(Tābi'ah). This belief also existed in Ancient Persia, and it remains intact even after the arrival of Islam into Iran. Moreover, it is also reflected in the poetry of mystics, in a way that the mystic poets' references to this issue can be divided in two categories of intermediate and immediate inspirations. The poets also tended to religious personalities, using Gabriel  and other characters instead of inspiring Satan for instant, in choosing subsidiaries (Tābi'ahs),with regard to the social context of Persian literature and the influence of religious thoughts in Iranian society. The contrast between poetry and sharia has always been influential in choosing religious figures as inspiration for poetry in Islamic period; however, mystic poets did not believe in just spiritual nature of poetry and considered their own efforts important to compose poems. Their point of view about the attempting scope of the poetry can be explored through a careful focusing on the verbs they have used in their poems.

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Lingual Deconstruction of Adjectives and the Things Left Unsaid About it

Abbasali Vafaee; Ahmad Sobhani Dargah

Volume 8, Issue 2 , May 2019, , Pages 1-17

Abstract

  Linguistic deconstruction is less widely considered in Persian language grammar, both in terms of structure and in terms of application. Construction patterns and grammatical rules ...  Read More Linguistic deconstruction is less widely considered in Persian language grammar, both in terms of structure and in terms of application. Construction patterns and grammatical rules of language are commonly repetitive and static in grammar books, while language is always in a state of transformation and experiences more and less changes in this state. It has been shown (in thirteen cases), in present study, that some of the deconstructions suggest the reader that such a consequence is inevitable in all spoken languages of the world. The definitions and the aforementioned analysis have been proposed referring to some of the most prominent Persian grammars to demonstrate more clearly that Persian adjectives have been undergone different transformations and deconstructions. However, this research has new words about adjectives-genitives or adjectives-adjectives relations, adjectives after genitives, adjectives with verifier, indicator transformation associated with adjectives, being optional or compulsory of dependent adjectives, priority of conjugative to divisional affixes, being noun or adjective of "each, each one, anyone , none of them ..." and it  proposes new findings about  the adjectives inside the verbs, transforming noun into expressive adjective, being optional or compulsory of  adjective additions, expressive adjective with or without "-er"  and the lack of some of the most popular patterns of adjective construction in Persian grammars.

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A Study of the Critique of Mystics’ Self-Refinement and Non-Compliance with the Sharia

Najaf Jokar; Hosayn Zendehboodi

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2019, , Pages 1-19

Abstract

  One of the issues in Islamic mysticism which has caused many challenges and which has become the pretext for justifying the dissent from Sufi teachings is the issue of “non-compliance ...  Read More One of the issues in Islamic mysticism which has caused many challenges and which has become the pretext for justifying the dissent from Sufi teachings is the issue of “non-compliance with the Sharia.” Critics and exegetes have offered various views on mystics’ non-compliance with the Sharia. Reflection on and analysis of the critical thoughts of the mystics themselves on this matter can reveal the truth. A glance at the words and behavior of mystic elders reveals their adherence to religion and its supreme purposes and their avoidance of any religious superficialism. Although sporadic research has been done explaining this issue, its importance requires us to delve into the view of the mystics themselves on the matter. In this article, while having the justifications for non-compliance with the Sharia in mind, the opinions and statements of mystics and scholars of mystical thought are examined. Our hypothesis is based on the fact that non-compliance with the Sharia has been the result of pseudo-Sufis’ acts and the attribution of this non-compliance to Sufi sheikhs may need rethinking.

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A Critique of Rhetoricians’ Views on Epanalepsis

taghi poornamdarian; Roohollah Hadi; Ziba Eshraqi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , July 2020, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  Epanalepsis is a literary device whose use in literary texts has a long history. Repetition of words in poetry has different forms, epanalepsis being one of them. This research, with ...  Read More Epanalepsis is a literary device whose use in literary texts has a long history. Repetition of words in poetry has different forms, epanalepsis being one of them. This research, with a new approach, tries to trace the historical course of ancient Persian rhetoricians’ views on epanalepsis. It also describes other forms of literary repetition mentioned in their books. From rhetoricians’ point of view, there are six main positions in the structure of each verse of the poem. Epanalepsis is an example of the repetition of a word based on these positions. In Persian poetry, however, repetition has other patterns too. In the present article, these models are examined from a critical perspective in order to take a closer look at the rhetoricians’ critique of poetry and to pay more attention to this form of repetition in Persian poetry.

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The Connection between Banu Goshasp Name and the Heroic Texts, and Its Composition Period

Reza Ghafouri

Volume 10, Issue 1 , September 2020, , Pages 1-19

Abstract

  Banu Goshasp Name is a heroic poem including more than a thousand verses about the bravery of Banu Ghashsp, Rostam’s daughter. At present, there is no information about the writer ...  Read More Banu Goshasp Name is a heroic poem including more than a thousand verses about the bravery of Banu Ghashsp, Rostam’s daughter. At present, there is no information about the writer of this poem, but researchers have debated and speculated about the time of its composition. Some scholars have attributed Banu Goshasp Name to the 5th century, but some others have attributed it to the sixth century because it is not mentioned in the book Mojmal al-Tavarikh, which mentions some old heroic texts. They have also provided reasons to prove their hypothesis. However, one of the most recent studies has attributed the composition of Banu Goshasp Name to the seventh and eighth centuries. Another controversial point about Banu Goshasp Name is that this poem, which has no beginning and no end, actually belongs to a larger poem named Faramarzname-ye-Kuchak. In this article, with regard to the reasons such as the existence of verses from other heroic poems in Banu Goshasp Name, the connection of the final verses of Tahminehname with the beginning of Banu Goshasp Name, as well as a number of popular thematic stories that can be seen in narrative scrolls, we illustrate that Banu Goshasp Name was composed later than the time that has been imagined so far. Then, by examining and matching its narrative themes with folklore texts, we argue that the source of the narrations of Banu Goshasp Name is oral and folk narrations, and contrary to the popular belief, it is of no antiquity and originality.

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The Persian-Chinese-Uyghur Trilingual Decree at the Court of the Ming Dynasty (1386-1616 AD)

Mohamadbagher Vosoghi; Chen Binbin

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2021, , Pages 1-19

Abstract

  Iran-China relations are not limited to political and economic affairs. The invasion of China by Genghis Khan in the early 14th century and the rise of Yuan Dynasty changed the situation ...  Read More Iran-China relations are not limited to political and economic affairs. The invasion of China by Genghis Khan in the early 14th century and the rise of Yuan Dynasty changed the situation for China's non-indigenous ethnics.  The ruling Mongols used these immigrants as their administrative agents in China. In fact, the Mongol rulers of China exploited these non-indigenous forces to prolong their political presence in this country. A large ethnic group that migrated (or was forced to migrate) to China during this era was the Persian speakers of Transoxiana, Khorasan, and other parts of Iran. These immigrants were appointed to different administrative and commercial positions by Mongol rulers of China and as a result, Persian language was gradually introduced to Chinese administrative and commercial literature. In other words, the spread of Persian language in China is due to the administrative system of the Yuan Dynasty on the one hand, and the immigration of Persian speakers to China on the other. During this epoch, Persian became the common tongue between Muslim ethnicities and a newly-formed ethnic group called Hui Hui. This new ethnic group was rooted in the community of the Persian speaker immigrants from Transoxiana and other parts of Iran who were settled in China and were absorbed in the Chinese society. The use of Persian in Chinese administrative system continued in the Ming Dynasty era. A new department was even established in the court of the King for translation of Persian texts to Chinese. Consequently, several documents were created in Persian in the administrative branch of the Ming Dynasty, one being the Chinese-Persian-Uighur decree presented in this paper. The decree was issued to a Muslim official, Amίrhāji, in the city of Yangzhou. This study aims to investigate and review this trilingual decree, which is kept in China Cultural Palace of Nationalities in Beijing, and evaluate the historical aspects of its writing in addition to explaining the background of the application of Persian language in Chinese administrative affairs.

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The Roots of Anecdote in The Language of Mysticism until the End of the Third Century (Based on The Works of Shaqiq, Hares Mohasebi, Nouri, Kharraz, Junaid)

Maryam Jafarzadeh; Alireza Fouladi

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, , Pages 1-14

Abstract

  Anecdote is one of the most widely used types of stories in the language of mysticism. However, until the 4th century, which is the century when mystical stories were established, we ...  Read More Anecdote is one of the most widely used types of stories in the language of mysticism. However, until the 4th century, which is the century when mystical stories were established, we do not encounter many stories among the early works of Muslim mystics, and this point prompted us to search for the roots of this type of literature in the language of mysticism. During the study of the works of Shaqiq Balkhi (d. 194 A.H.), Kitab al-Raa'yah for the rights of Allah, Harith al-Mashabisi (165-243 A.H.), Kitab al-Maqamat al-Qulob Abul Hossein Nouri (d. 295 A.H.), the letters of Abu Saeed Kharaz (d. 297/277 A.H.?) and Junaid al-Baghdadi's letters (d. 298 A.H.) we found simple forms that can be attributed to the origin of the story in the language of mysticism. This fact is not far from the general flow of the emergence of literary genres; Because these genres were not created at once and simple forms can be considered for them.This fact is not far from the general flow of the emergence of literary genres; Because these genres were not created all at once and simple forms can be considered for them. This article, which was done with a descriptive-analytical method, helps to know the roots of story types such as allegory in mystical literature, because all these types, in the first place, arose from anecdotes. By analyzing mystical texts until the end of the 4th century, we came to the conclusion that Quranic verses, prophetic hadiths, religious traditions, mystical experiences, parables and Socratic polemics form the six roots of stories in the language of mysticism.

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Semantic Analysis of Verses from Divan-e-Kabir Based on Edition and Translation

shirin RazmjooBakhtiri; Elham khalilijahromi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , March 2024, , Pages 1-23

Abstract

  The current research is a semantic analysis of verses from Mevlana’s Divan-e-Kabir due to the lexicon and phrases edition, and syntactic relationships in the verses. The mentioned ...  Read More The current research is a semantic analysis of verses from Mevlana’s Divan-e-Kabir due to the lexicon and phrases edition, and syntactic relationships in the verses. The mentioned verses in the article, are difficult ones of Mevlana’s poetry, which have created a big challenge for both the commentators and the translators, who have been editor themselves. Even these translators have not been able to find a suitable equivalent for some verses. First, these verses have been studied from the perspective of authenticity of manuscripts according to the manuscripts used by professor Farozanfar in edition of Divan-e-Kabir and 4 authentic new versions. Then the reflection of the incorrect edition of these verses in the interpretations and translations of Arberry and Nicholson has been studied.The mentioned verses are studied under the title "Effect of edition on translation". Then the verses that the translators have not been able to analyze correctly in the source language and have provided an inappropriate equivalent in the target language have been discussed, under the title "Translation based on a misapprehension of the text".In both titles, the effect of incorrect edition on the understanding of commentators and translators is obvious. Therefore, it has been tried to present the original form of these verses to the readers

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A look on illustration and its posision in Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah

Vahid Sabzianpoor; Tayybeh Hamzavi; Payman i saleh

Volume 2, Issue 1 , October 2013, , Pages 13-32

Abstract

  A rhetoric method being used to show the purpose of a statement is assimilation of allegory; an assimilation whose resemblance is not out of an apparent and manifested affair and needs ...  Read More A rhetoric method being used to show the purpose of a statement is assimilation of allegory; an assimilation whose resemblance is not out of an apparent and manifested affair and needs being paraphrased. Holy Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah which consist of the most rhetoric expressions, from critics’ point of view, use this method of illustration to describe the things that are beyond men’s understanding. This research wants to allege and demonstrate some of these descriptive illustrations to show a whit of the beauties and rhetoric of these two valuable sources. Through analysis and comparison of different subjects and symbols used in assimilations of allegories in these two works, tables, charts and proper results will be offered

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The Tragedies of Infanticide in Iran & Patricide in Greece Antithesis, Legend or Reality? Through a glance at this issue in the world

Dr. Manuchehr Akbari; Dr. Assiyeh ZabihniyaʿOmran

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 15-30

Abstract

  The histories of several nations consist of Legends and Myths. The world myths seem similar in many cases, although, they sometimes oppose each other. Tragedy is one of amazing topics ...  Read More The histories of several nations consist of Legends and Myths. The world myths seem similar in many cases, although, they sometimes oppose each other. Tragedy is one of amazing topics in mythological discusses. This essay tries to analyze the tragedies of infanticide and patricide. There is a predictor in such tragedies and the fate will always go on his foretelling. Nothing can prevent or change the fate and all heroes are captured in their own fates. The myths have constructed the world and have opened a beautiful and ideal door to different people, full of imaginations and realities.

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