Persian Literature

Abstract The current research is a semantic analysis of verses from Mevlana’s Divan-e-Kabir due to the lexicon and phrases edition, and syntactic relationships in the verses. The mentioned verses in the article, are difficult ones of Mevlana’s poetry, which have created a big challenge for both the commentators and the translators, who have been editor themselves. Even these translators have not been able to find a suitable equivalent for some verses. First, these verses have been studied from the perspective of authenticity of manuscripts according to the manuscripts used by professor Farozanfar in edition of Divan-e-Kabir and 4 authentic new versions. Then the reflection of the incorrect edition of these verses in the interpretations and translations of Arberry and Nicholson has been studied.The mentioned verses are studied under the title "Effect of edition on translation". Then the verses that the translators have not been able to analyze correctly in the source language and have provided an inappropriate equivalent in the target language have been discussed, under the title "Translation based on a misapprehension of the text".In both titles, the effect of incorrect edition on the understanding of commentators and translators is obvious. Therefore, it has been tried to present the original form of these verses to the readers

Abstract The present study investigates how to conceptualize satire and slander in the language of two prominent poets of Persian and Arabic literature based on the theory of conceptual metaphor. Metaphorical examination of the concept of satire can certainly have a significant function in understanding poets from a psychological point of view, and in a broader form, the effects of this metaphor can also express the cultural issues of those societies and their social conditions. The comparative study of this issue based on the theory of conceptual metaphor has an essential contribution to entering the mental world of Khaqani and Motanabi and knowing thoughts and emotions as well as their similarities and differences. The research method in this article is a library, and the data has been analyzed using the content analysis method. In the end, the differences and similarities between both poets have been shown in a diagram. The research findings show:The source areas used in the language of the two poets are almost the same.The most source area used in the language of both poets is related to the use of animal names.The second source area used in Khaqani language is related to his use of verbal expressions, but the second group of source areas that clearly shows itself in the textual language is his use of the words taboo and abstinence, and the findings of Others are described in detail in the text. It is hoped that this research will help better to understand the thoughts and emotions of both poets

Abstract The Use of NLP in the anecdotes of Saadi’s Golestan with an emphasis on the butterfly effect theory. Neuro Linguistic Programing (NLP) means programming and controlling the language of mind, the art and the knowledge of effective and successful communication. Based on this knowledge, every human communication involves a system or relational space in which each participant has varying degrees of influence. Some members' behavior can have a significant impact, highlighting the importance of identifying the most effective member in the relational system. Therefore, the suggestion of NLP for getting a better result in the communication system is to use the Butterfly Effect Theory. In this regard, NLP utilizes the Butterfly Effect Theory for achieving better results in communication systems. The Butterfly Effect Theory, proposed in physics, aims to discover the most influential individual in a communication system and educate it, as it believes that even the slightest mistake or deviation by the most influential individual may cause the system to collapse. Among the influential works and authors in the realm of didactic literature in Persian language, Saadi's 'Golestan' aims to create balance in communicative situations and enhance harmonious behaviors. Saadi does not consider all the elements present in a communication system to be equally influential. From this perspective, Saadi’s views on the management of interconnected social systems and systems can be aligned with the Butterfly Effect Theory. The aim of the present research, after a thorough examination of Golestan in an analytical and descriptive manner, is that the most important members of micro and macro communication systems should be without any intentional and unintentional computational errors. Because the slightest change in them in the wrong direction can lead to the disintegration of that micro or macro system. The result of this research is that everyone can and should, with a precise understanding of their position in a communication system and the impact of their behaviors on that system, prevent the occurrence of chaosIslamic mysticism, the language of mysticism, mystical story, anecdote

Abstract In this article, using the theory of cohesion in the theoretical framework of Halliday's systematic role-oriented order, We have discussed to the analysis of cohesion and continuity in the texts of two ‘Holy Defense’ novels, namely "Safar be geraye 270 daraje" and "Del-e-deldadegi" to make it clear. In the sentences of these two books, how the components of different types of coherence are used in order to achieve the coherence of the text. From Halliday's point of view, coherence is one of the criteria for the meaningfulness of a text and the presence of various coherence factors of the text from the non-text distinguishes. Therefore, the absence of cohesive factors in the text can create difficulties in conveying and conveying the meaning hidden in it.  In this research, it was determined that in "Safar be geraye 270 daraje" the rate of using grammatical cohesion factors and connective cohesion was equal to 43.5% and in the next order, 13% of lexical cohesion factors were used, while in "Del-e-deldadegi" the amount of grammatical factors used was 40%, lexical factors 31% and connective factors 29%. The reason for these differences is due to the different style of the two authors in the narration and the time course of the narration. In general, the frequency of using all cohesion factors in all three grammatical, linking and lexical sections in "Del-e-deldadegi" was more than "Safar be geraye 270 daraje" except for the component of additive letters. Another point is that the use of components such as contradiction and causative letters is more than the norm "Del-e-deldadegi" is a sign of polyphony, and in contrast to the lack of use of causative letters and the low frequency of using contradiction, it indicates a monophonic narrative of war in "Safar be geraye 270 daraje"

Abstract In this speech, we discuss how Saadi in Golestan considered all the effective factors in establishing verbal communication (prolocutor, audience and speech) and observed the requirements of each  one in its place. He enumerates the characteristics of an eloquent theologian and advises the speaker to always keep in mind the requirements of the situation and position and speak the words appropriate to the situation. Saadi considers the mental preparation of the audience to be as important as the eloquence of the speaker in the impact of the speech. In Golestan he has arranged all three aspects of speech (subject, structure and tone) according to the current requirement the diversity of the subject in Golestan shows Saadi's careful attention to the divers rang of different audience and their moods. Saadi also considers the requirements of the present in the structure of the speech and uses all the possibilities and linguistic tools such as brevity and verbosity, simile, allegory and allusion. Saadi also considers the diversity of his audience in the choice of tone and the various tones in Golestan's text are indicative of this. In this research, the requirement of the present in Golestan's anecdotes has been investigated and examples from Golestan have been mentioned for each of them. A better understanding of Golestan's anecdotes can be achieved by realizing the appropriateness’ of the speech and the secondary purposed of the sentence. This research has been done by analytical - researched method and using library resources

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the structural classification and the network of communication between child and adult narrators and their relationship with the structure and process of creating meaning in the Parvin Etesami Court. a contemplation in the court of Parvin Etesami indicates that in some of his poems we are faced with the narrator of a poor or orphaned child who, with a shouting question or a question of social ‌, expresses the Sabbath It has a protest and a question or, with an innocent childish look, it puts class differences into discussion. What is seen in the continuation of the child-centered poems of Parvin is the existence of a kind of communication network on two structural-educational axes in such poems. According to the structure, the narrative begins with the narrator of the child, man or bird, and then begins with the narrator of a child, and then with the narrative of an adult, usually mother, to do so, and so on, this type of education is educational From the narrative lies in the network of communicative and contextual‌ings, which, with the mother's answer to the child's question, with three types of reaction (approval)، Null and void conveys a moral message to the audience. The results of the research show that the process of initiating the narrative with the narrator of the child and entering the adult has two major structural-meaning goals and provides a special sequence in Parvin's poem

Abstract The dialogue element is effective as a lever in explaining the content and content of the speech and is a platform for creating realities and highlighting the characters of the work. This research examines this element in the Ashurai dirge (controversy between the two holy shrines of Makkah and Karbala) by Gholamreza Moghar with a descriptive-analytical and testimonial method. The words, combinations and tone of the words during the speeches of the two shrines depict the incidents and events of the two lands in the horizontal axis of the word, but the words of the shrine of Karbala emphasize the nature and perspective of the Ashura incident by introducing the characters. The semantic nature of the theme and the content of the poem with the help of debate or two-way dialogue as the basic element and help of innovative crafts, moves the systematic framework of speech in the vertical axis towards a specific goal (Knowledge of the philosophy of Ashura) and the three main agents of the dialogue (the speaker, audience and message), are directed in a circular radius towards the horizon of Ashura philosophy. By using this element correctly, the poet puts the burden of creating and paying attention to the content of the events on the shoulders of this tool so that it can be removed from the text and made available to the reader. Finally, the rhetoric of the dialogue between the two shrines, by enhancing the linguistic and structural side of the poem as required by the prevailing context, takes a step towards crystallizing the hidden layers of the Karbala incident

Abstract There are four elegies (three complete and one incomplete) in the Hilali’s Divan, one of them is quoted in Indian stone prints and the other three in two manuscripts, one of them is undated and the other in 1315 AH. It is unclear why in the manuscripts of the Hilali’s Divan, especially those of the ten and the eleventh centuries, and in the Indian and Iranian stone prints, there is little evidence of his elegies. However, in search of the poems and collections of the poem, was found twelve other elegies from the him poet. The main reasons we have for accepting the authenticity of this quotation to the Hilali is one of the poet's verses, which are found in the final verses of this passage. Another attribution of this parable to the Hilali is that of the scribes, who are usually regarded as Hilali at the beginning of the poems. The existence of some of these passages - with differences in phrases and number of verses - in different versions indicates that the poems were attributed to the Hilali in different periods. Research on the Hilali’s new elegies reveals some of the hidden aspects of his life and thought, as well as the number of those whom the Hilali craves.

Abstract Memory has an influential background in Iran and the world literary and historical works, as long as it has been mentioned as a literary genre and we can understand its importance as a literary type in our literature of Holy Defense against Iraqi aggressors. Because it consists the hidden issue of many literary types such as novels and short stories, and is the basis of most of masterpieces. Considering simple principles and limited rules, the memoirist warriors of the Holy Defense have perpetuated the bittersweet memories of the war including victories, defeats, and important events and emotions. This permanence happens not only in the form of a written memory, but in many cases, through art and creativity and the author's ability to shape the form of a story; so many memories were transformed into several stories through a deliberate or unconscious process.Using a descriptive-analytical method and through an approach of formative criticism, it has been tried in this study, to explain the importance of how the literary form of memory becomes the hidden text of fiction literature and how the process of this transformation takes place. Surveying three novels and three short story collections of the Holy Defense literature, it has been found that many of such stories are evolved from the memories of the author (the memoirist himself) or of the others'. In other words, the memories have been transformed in a special process and are presented in the form of a new genre (story). Also, in some stories, the memory is hidden in a way that makes it difficult and somehow impossible being recognized by a literary critic. Sometimes, the author is not aware of the presence of a memory, although his/her creativity artistic ability and imaginative mind are also involved to hide the memory in the body of the story. 

Abstract Apart from the schools of realism and naturalism, which have a special relationship with the literary type of the novel, the characteristics of other art schools such as symbolism, cubism, impressionism, Dadaism, surrealism and expressionism are mostly represented in arts such as painting, poetry and even theater. Therefore, the discussion about the characteristics of these schools in the field of novels has always been a subject of discussion. Meanwhile, the expressionism school has special conditions. The specific attitude of the followers of this school towards reality and the way it is represented, as well as the presence of characteristics such as extreme subjectivism, attention to strange things and avoidance of simulations, have made the relationship of this school with the novel more ambiguous. Therefore, in this article, with the analytical-descriptive method and focusing on the novel "Life is like this" by Mohammad Hashim Akbaryani, the issue of how to reflect the characteristics of the expressionism school in the literary genre of the novel has been investigated and the question has been answered as to which characteristics of this school From two levels of form and content and in what way is it reflected? The results show that expressionism can appear in the novel at two levels of form and content. At the content level, with features such as dealing with strange and illogical matters, nightmarish atmosphere, typical characters and grotesque world, and at the formal level as well, in the form of paying attention to modern methods in narration, such as the use of the flow of the mind technique, multiple narratives, non-commitment to the classical ending. And especially the episodic structure