Persian Literature

Observations Concerning Aadab Al-Harb Wal-Shaja’a and Its Correction

Mahmood Abedi; Leila Shoghi

Volume 10, Issue 1 , September 2020, , Pages 57-75

Abstract

  Aadab al-Harb wal-Shaja’a written by Fakhr-e-Modabber is one of the most well-known texts of the first half of the seventh century. This book is an excellent text among Persian ...  Read More Aadab al-Harb wal-Shaja’a written by Fakhr-e-Modabber is one of the most well-known texts of the first half of the seventh century. This book is an excellent text among Persian texts in several respects. Among pre-Mongol scripts, it is a rare text regarding its subject matter (militarism and the definition and description of the means of warfare). Many names for the weapons of war, the methods of deployment and formation of the army, and the methods of confronting the enemy are given in this book. The variety of lingual and literary advantages of the book, especially its military terms and specific words, made it spectacular in terms of its subject matter. Thus, today, Aadab al-Harb wal-Shaja’a is a useful and unique reference book for researchers for writing encyclopedias and studying rituals and etiquettes of war. Aadab al-Harb wal-Shaja’a was published in 1967 by Ahmad Soheili Khansari, and since then, there has been no mention of it in research works. Many shortcomings in the text caused by major problems such as inappropriate selection of the correction method, errors and omissions, and defects in the copies, and the unacknowledged values ​​of the text due to the brevity of the introduction, the commentary, and the index necessitates a new correction. In the present article, using accessible manuscripts, the printed text is investigated, and with examples of various errors in the book, the necessity of a correction is demonstrated.

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The Reflection of Russian Critical Realism in Modern Persian Literature

Janola Karimi Motahhar; Nahid Akbarzadeh

Volume 3, Issue 1 , September 2013, , Pages 59-72

Abstract

  The present paper would firstly present the characteristics of critical realism in brief. Critical realism is a phenomenon belonging to the golden era of Russian literature. Some Iranian ...  Read More The present paper would firstly present the characteristics of critical realism in brief. Critical realism is a phenomenon belonging to the golden era of Russian literature. Some Iranian writers such as Mohammad Ali Jamalzade, Bozorg Alavi, Jalal Ale Ahmad and Mirza Fathali Akhondzadeh created their eternal works much impressed by this school. They used a simple language to expound people's social and cultural problems. Afterward, we would analyze the realization of critical realism in the works of Akhoondzadeh, in particular his comic play "The Attorneys". The writer has pointed his bitter criticism at the judiciary of his time (the Qajar era) and the mechanism of dealing with people's judicial cases. Considering the ideas of the greatest Russian writers and the Russian critical realism, Akhoondzadeh in his "The Attorneys" has depicted his own picture of the social issues of the time

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Language, the Power Tool in Court Newspapers During the Reign of Qajar Dynasty (The Case Study: Ruz-nāma-ye dawlat-e ʿaliyya-ye Irān)

Mohammad Afshinvafaie; Ali Gholami

Volume 8, Issue 2 , May 2019, , Pages 59-78

Abstract

  Iranians' first journalistic experience was an entertaining imitation of Western journalism, initiated by the Qajar court and the publication of the first official newspaper in 1860. ...  Read More Iranians' first journalistic experience was an entertaining imitation of Western journalism, initiated by the Qajar court and the publication of the first official newspaper in 1860. The government newspapers, in this period, contained insignificant themes such as the description of the Shah's journeys and, written in a secretarial style, played the role of a media displayed the power, the glory and the authority of the monarchy. The court's single-voiced language was used only to propagate and to justify the dominant policies of the monarchy system, and, naturally, left no choice for the opponents. The court's secretarial style of journalism continued to be used up to early 1930s and was faded gradually after the establishment of constitutional government, when nongovernmental newspapers began to be published. It has been tried, in present study, to show how the language of the Qajar court turned into the power discourse and how a language can be used as a tool to justify power. To achieve this purpose, the role of linguistic and rhetoric elements of court language, as a variety, in effective transferring of concepts and the discursive features of such language in terms of existing relations between power and ideology are analyzed through a critical discourse analysis and a functional linguistics approach. The government newspaper "Ruz-nāma-ye dawlat-e ʿaliyya-ye Irān" is examined in this regard, as an obvious example of this type of social language, then the results have been generalized with references to all Qajar court newspapers.

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The Components of Imagery and Their Two Functions: Tone and Implicit Signification

Zoheir Nadalizadeh; Naser Rahimi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , July 2020, , Pages 59-75

Abstract

  Simile, and generally imagery, can be analyzed from a myriad of perspectives. Amongst them is the elements of images — their effects and roles in the rhetoric of a given poem ...  Read More Simile, and generally imagery, can be analyzed from a myriad of perspectives. Amongst them is the elements of images — their effects and roles in the rhetoric of a given poem and in its ironic meanings. This paper studies two prominent functions of the signification of the elements of imagery. First, we analyze the role the elements of images play in constructing the tone. To do so, we demonstrate how different selections of elements form different kinds of textual tone and ambience. Second, we examine the potential and capacity of the vehicle and the elements of simile in generating their implicit and secondary implications. This potential is sometimes fulfilled to the extent that these elements and their ironic significations assume a more crucial role than the grounds of a simile. Thus, the function of vehicle may go beyond exaggeration or expounding on the tenor and its potential implications may turn it into the main locus of simile and signification. The paper provides examples from some poems in order to avoid any ambiguity.

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The Components of Love from the Viewpoint of the Chishti Order in the Works Amiran-e Dehlavī

Najme Dorri; Masood Doostparvar

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2021, , Pages 59-79

Abstract

  Love has always been one of the most fundamental principles of Sufism. Since the spiritual preceptors of the Chishti Sufism know it as arising from the mystical thought of Khorasan, ...  Read More Love has always been one of the most fundamental principles of Sufism. Since the spiritual preceptors of the Chishti Sufism know it as arising from the mystical thought of Khorasan, this path regards love as an eternal gift and the very foundation of the universe that flows in all particles of the Possibility World, and to succeed to the loved is considered as the last degree of the seeker’s behavior. Moein El-din Chishti, Bafareid Ganj Shar, and Mo-hammad Gisooderaz are among some spiritual preceptors of this path, who have left some written works and sensational odes, and they can be found in the works of Chishti poets such as Amir Khosroo and Amir Hasan Dehlavi. In this article, we review the prose and poetry of the Chishti order in order to find out about the position of love in the foundation of Chishti thinking, and about the effect of sorrow or grief on the seeker’s behavior. Is wisdom always at odds with love? And what is the perspective of Chishti order about the virtual love?

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Allegories and some other Common Themes in Mathnavi and Hadiqat al Haqiqa

alireza hajianjad; sorore rebat; tahere khiri

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 61-80

Abstract

  The 6th and 7th Hijri centuries were two of the very brilliant periods of Persian language and literature, especially in the field of mystical poetry which emerged and developed by ...  Read More The 6th and 7th Hijri centuries were two of the very brilliant periods of Persian language and literature, especially in the field of mystical poetry which emerged and developed by three of Iranian-Islamic great mystics: Sanāie, Attar and Mowlavi. Their same and close understanding and feeling toward God, universe and … resulted in an intellectual system on which realizing the effect of each depends on the understanding of the work, the individuation and the special identity of two others. We would point, in present essay, to some of Mowlavie’s derivations and connexions with the thoughts, works and allegories Sanāie used in his Hadiqa depending on both works of Mathnavi and Hadiqat al Haqiqa. Not only in thought but in the manner of his presentation,Mowlavi was inspired by Sanāie in many cases. The primacy of mercy belongs to Sanāie over here and the development to Mowlavi. Mowlavi expressed the difficulties and the delicacies of mysticism in a popular and very persuasive language, but Sanāie’s language in Hadiqa, regardless to its literary complexity had its own special features.   .  

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Khosrow Farshidvard and Contemporary Resistance Literature

Omid Majd; Hadi Darzi Ramandi

Volume 5, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 61-80

Abstract

  “Resistance literature” is a new term in Iranian literature with subject of their Islamic Revolution and their Sacred Defense (related to the war Iraq imposed Iran from ...  Read More “Resistance literature” is a new term in Iranian literature with subject of their Islamic Revolution and their Sacred Defense (related to the war Iraq imposed Iran from 1980 up to 1988). There are many poets who have being worked in this field and their names are listed in relevant books and encyclopedias. This article is to prove that the late Farshidvard was one of the pioneer activists against Shah’s ruthless regime, the one who was incarcerated in 1960s and added one of the most eloquent prison-writings (Habsiyyas) to contemporary Persian literature (such as his sonnet with the opening-verse: O Friends, I’m the oppressed of Shah’s prison,   O Friends! patriotism and piety, as my crime).  He has a history of poetry in fight against Shah’s evil regime that dates back to 1960s. He published them underground on September 1978, and publicly on September 1979. His book of poems with the subject of war shows his leadership in such field.

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The Aesthetic Function of Symbol in the Sanā'ī’s Divan

Manzar Soltani; Mohammad Veysi

Volume 7, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 61-80

Abstract

  Abstract Sanā'ī Ghaznavi is considered as the initiator of symbolic style in Persian mystical literature.  His creativity in symbolism, especially in the domain of Qalandariyya ...  Read More Abstract Sanā'ī Ghaznavi is considered as the initiator of symbolic style in Persian mystical literature.  His creativity in symbolism, especially in the domain of Qalandariyya and mystical symbols, and combination of elements of different genres was very welcomed by the poets after him. In addition to extending the capacity of language and providing profound mystical concepts being expressed, symbol has an outstanding role in aesthetics of literary texts. Analyzing the symbolic style in Sanā'ī's divan, it has been tried in present paper to clarify the role of symbol in beauty creation and its place in the excellence of his poems, and to make it clear how and in what ways the aesthetic aspects have strengthened his poetry? The results indicate that symbols broaden beauty in Sanā'ī's divan when some factors such as creativity and fantasy, ambiguity and multisensory, the unity of experience and image, and the honesty transfer of affections are utilized, and the cohesion between various parts of the universe, and consequently, in literary text happens.   

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Theological Perception of the Koranic Word “Pen” by Persian-Speaking Poets

Sayyed Mostafa Moosavi; Vahid Nomani

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2019, , Pages 63-82

Abstract

  Persian poets of all religious and theological tendencies have been under the influence of the verses of the Koran. This influence is expressed in various forms (allusion, quotation, ...  Read More Persian poets of all religious and theological tendencies have been under the influence of the verses of the Koran. This influence is expressed in various forms (allusion, quotation, reference, adaptation etc.) in their poems to the extent that few poems can be found which are void of such contents. As different Islamic sects have different interpretations of Koranic verses and references, each interprets verses of the Koran according to their own definitions and teachings and also with regard to the socio-political conditions of their time. In this research, the use of the term “pen” in the poems of prominent Persian-speaking poets of religious-theological tendency is investigated. Considering that no specific research has been done in this field, the analysis and classification of poetry’s perceptions of one of the themes of the Koran is worthwhile. After analyzing and categorizing exegetes and theologians’ interpretations of the word “pen,” a selected group of poets’ perceptions of the word is studied. It is worth noting that in doing so a more correct understanding of verses mentioning the word “pen” is accomplished. The selected poets of this research are Ferdowsi, Naser Khosrow, Khayyam, Sana’i, Khaqani, Nizami, Attar, Saadi, Rumi, Hafez, and Jami.

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A critical approach on apt-transitions in Persian panegyric Odes up to the seventh century

Shahram Azadian; Reza Khabbaz-ha

Volume 2, Issue 2 , May 2013, , Pages 66-82

Abstract

  There are some comments and examples on the qualities that make a panegyric apt-transition a good-one or a bad-one in Arabic and Persian rhetoric books. But a deeper look on the principles ...  Read More There are some comments and examples on the qualities that make a panegyric apt-transition a good-one or a bad-one in Arabic and Persian rhetoric books. But a deeper look on the principles of rhetoric and the study of panegyric masters’ poems would lead us to get some more information about this subject. Analyzing some Persian panegyric poems and criticizing the opinions of the Persian and Arabic rhetoricians, this article focuses on the principles of a well-made apt-transition and, for the first time, analyses about thirty examples of weak apt-transitions and reveals their verbal faults.

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Inability to Express: A Psychoanalytic Reading of the Story of “Three drops of Blood”

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Volume 1, 7و8 , February 2011, , Pages 67-88

Abstract

  “Three Drops of Blood” is among Sadeq Hedayat’s best-known stories and has captured both the general attention of many interested readers of literary fiction as well ...  Read More “Three Drops of Blood” is among Sadeq Hedayat’s best-known stories and has captured both the general attention of many interested readers of literary fiction as well as the particular attention of numerous literary scholars and critics. The narrator-protagonist of the story,       who has been hospitalised at a mental hospital, describes the other patients and explains a traumatic event in his past life, but his        account is all but organised and coherent. It is argued in the present article that the lack of logical organisation in the narrative reveals a conflict between the conscious and the unconscious aspects of the protagonist’s psyche. Psychoanalysis provides literary critics with the most suitable tools (concepts and methodology) to explore this conflict. Employing some of the most important concepts of the psychoanalytic theory (including “resistance”, “displacement”, “impulse”, “drives”, “parapraxis”, “identification”, “trauma”, “obsession”, etc.) and adopting a psychoanalytic method (analysis of the “manifest content” of the story uncover its “latent content”), I examine the details of the text in order to shed light on the protagonist’s unconscious motives and phobias and reveal the untold story which, due to the pressure of unconscious inhibitions, has not been expressed in the narrator’s discourse. Making no attempt to psychoanalyse Sadeq Hedayat himself, I stress the distinction between the identities of the writer and the protagonist of the story and argue that the psychoanalytical approaches concentrating on the author have caused many misunderstandings and undesirable reactions as well as hindrances to advancing literary studies. The article ends with some suggestions as to how this influential story could be further studied psychoanalytically, suggestions which substitute the text-oriented arguments of the present article with a reader-response criticism in order to provide a context for the psychoanalytical examination of the reasons behind the appeal of this story to its readers in the patriarchal culture of the Iranian society.  

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Translation and Frequency Measurement of Persian Morphemes in the First Ten Stanzas of the Terki̇b-bend of Bağdatlı Ruhî

Abdoreza Seif; Mahmoud Fazilat; Mohammad Hassan Gholami

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, , Pages 69-88

Abstract

  The interactions between languages are very common. The languages that are connected with political power, social dynamics and cultural ability have wider effects on their neighboring ...  Read More The interactions between languages are very common. The languages that are connected with political power, social dynamics and cultural ability have wider effects on their neighboring languages. Iranian languages have enjoyed such a position for many centuries, both before and after the arrival of Islam in Iran. The existence of numerous elements of Sogdian, Pahlavi and Persian languages in different languages shows this. The Persian language, as one of the most important and influential languages of the Islamic world, has had a wide impact on other languages of this vast geography throughout its long history. Indeed, after Iranians accepted Islam, the Persian language found a privileged position among the languages of Islamic culture and civilization and became a medium for transferring religious topics and words to other non-Arab Muslim societies. In such a way that even many Arabic words found their way to other languages, not directly but through the Persian language. The role of Iranians in the bureaucracy system of Islamic societies and the formation of a rich literature were other factors that made other Muslims pay attention to this language. The Ottoman Turkish is one of the languages that has received the most linguistic, intellectual and literary influences from Iranian culture and Persian language. Turkic languages are a group of languages that have been influenced by the Persian language to different degrees and have also had some effects on it. When Divan literature, which was based on Islamic culture and Persian language and literature, was formed, the frequency of Arabic and Persian words in the Ottoman Turkish language increased highly. For example, the frequencies of such words in the poetries of Nef’i and Baki have been estimated at 60% and 65% respectively. This increase in Divan poetry reached such a point that sometimes only verbs were expressed in Turkish. With the beginning of the era of reforms and the increase of western and archaistic ideas in Anatolia, especially after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the rejection of eastern values intensified and extensive measures were taken to purify Turkish language in this country. In this way, many Arabic and Persian words were discarded and Turkish equivalents were found or created for them. Despite this, nowadays, many Arabic and Persian words, combinations, grammatical elements and expressions can still be observed in Turkish language; although their frequency has undoubtedly decreased compared to Ottoman Turkish. In this research, in addition to translating the first ten stanzas of the famous Terki̇b-bend of Bağdatlı Ruhî into Persian, we use the statistical analysis and frequency measurement method to calculate the influence of the Persian language on this sample of Ottoman Turkish lyrical poetry at the morpheme level. The findings of this research show that more than one fifth of the morphemes in this text are borrowed from Persian. There are also important intellectual common aspects between Persian literature and the aforementioned poetry. 

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Storytelling in the Sonnets of Shams

Davood Esparham; Somayyeh Asadi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 59-76

Abstract

  Mowlavi’s sonnets have been repeatedly and from different points of views analyzed by several famed literary characters. Considering the structure and features of sonnet, as a ...  Read More Mowlavi’s sonnets have been repeatedly and from different points of views analyzed by several famed literary characters. Considering the structure and features of sonnet, as a poetic form, and its evolution course, it seems that Mowlavi is offering a new version of narrative sonnet – the issue had been paying attention by Attar and Sanaie before him. ‘What measures and techniques had Mowlavi used to enrich his sonnets as the base of storytelling?’ and, ‘what kind of literary genres and features are there in his sonnets?’ are the main questions to be answered in present essay.     

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A review on personality of Ibn Bakooyeh Shirazi

Mohammad Ali Janipour

Volume 1, Issue 6 , August 2011, , Pages 73-92

Abstract

  One of the prominent shophists lived in 4th and 5th Hegira centuries (11th & 12th AD centuries) is Ibn Bakooyeh Shirazi. In a poetic verse that Saadi (14th AD century) mentioned Baba ...  Read More One of the prominent shophists lived in 4th and 5th Hegira centuries (11th & 12th AD centuries) is Ibn Bakooyeh Shirazi. In a poetic verse that Saadi (14th AD century) mentioned Baba Koohi as pseudonym for Ibn Bakuyeh Shirazi and within a phrase written by Isa Ibn Joneid Shirazi (15th AD cen.) at Tazkereh-E- Hezar Mazar (literally Hgiography of Thousand Tombs) book with title of BabaKoohi as well as what Reza Gholi Khan Hedayat mentioned in Tazkereh Reyaz Al-Arefin book (literally Hagiography of Mystics’ Gardens) in 20th AD century and ascribed a verse collection to a poet with Babakoohi as his pen name i.e. Ibn Bakuyeh Shirazi who had been most likely buried in Neishaboor City; all of these have caused him to be considered as the same person with another one under title of Babakoohi whose tomb situated at north Shiraz and a poet who was living during 16th AD century, based on the reliable and strong reasons. But, there are some signs by means of reliable works based on which Ibn Bakooyeh is a person rather than one was buried at north Shiraz and one who is known as Babakoohi so that the poems collection that was ascribed to him really does not belong to him.

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The Role of Quran in genesis of Mystical Ideology and its Impact on Mathnavi

Muhammad Hussein Bayat

Volume 3, Issue 1 , September 2013, , Pages 73-90

Abstract

  Most of the Islamic sciences and teachings root in deep knowledge of Quran. Islamic Mysticism which has glorified under the impact of Quranic verses, aims to understand the conscience ...  Read More Most of the Islamic sciences and teachings root in deep knowledge of Quran. Islamic Mysticism which has glorified under the impact of Quranic verses, aims to understand the conscience of Quran. The Rumi’s Mathnavi, as a masterpiece which links theoretical and practical mysticism from the perspective of both structure and content, has been exposed under such efficacy. Just like Quran, Mathnavi uses allegory to express profound meanings and, in addition, its bulk is an imitation to Quran. In Mowlavi’s pattern, impressed by Quranic manner, the stories have been sometimes expressed redundantly, like the story of Moses, and sometimes have been repeated in a very short form. Furthermore, there is a kind of invisible influence of Quran on Rumi’s Mathnavi which is apparently untraceable but can be found through scrutinizing.  

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The Seljuks Patronage of Persian Literature

Sharam Azadian; Hamid Reza Hakimi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 73-92

Abstract

  During the reign of the Seljuks (431–590), a considerable number of Persian poets and writers lived in their territory. Reviewing the lives of the kings, and that of their ministers ...  Read More During the reign of the Seljuks (431–590), a considerable number of Persian poets and writers lived in their territory. Reviewing the lives of the kings, and that of their ministers and other politicians and dignitaries of Seljuks ear, this article tries to show how much each of these individuals had supported Persian literature.  At the next step, the patrons are classified in six categories: the kings, the ministers, the local rulers, the court staffs, the Alavids and the military commanders, to determine to what extent each of these classes was pro-Persian literature. The conclusion is that Seljuks, with the exception of few ones, were not that much inclined to patronize Persian literature. However, the development of a new class of local rulers who were relatively considered as literature patrons and the empowerment of some groups like Shias and Ismailis were the positive events that occurred during this period. Along with their increased power, these new centers of power also supported other cultural issues. The Turkish origin of the ruling dynasty had a negligible influence on their apathy in Persian literature and most of the people who disregarded the poets were of Iranian court.   .  

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The Degree of Translatability of Cultural Elements, Etc. in 108th Sermon of Nahj al-Balagha

Alireza Hajian Nejad; Mirfat Salman

Volume 7, Issue 1 , October 2017, , Pages 73-94

Abstract

  In addition to their imaginative aspects, metaphors, allusions, allegories and proverbs have also cultural aspect. Since these interpretations reflect a full image of any society's ...  Read More In addition to their imaginative aspects, metaphors, allusions, allegories and proverbs have also cultural aspect. Since these interpretations reflect a full image of any society's history, culture and thought, they have attracted the attention of experts in the field of contemporary translation. Some theorists believe that the translation of the cultural elements and aspects included in the text is not possible, while others consider it translatable within certain frameworks. Through a descriptive – analytic method and based on the Ivir’ model, it has been tried in present study to review, criticize and compare the method of translating cultural  and imaginative concepts of 108th sermon of Nahj al-balagha by Feyz ul-Islam, Shahidi and  Dashti. We have also tried to answer the question that to what extent the translation of cultural elements was possible from Arabic as the source language in to Persian as the target language. The results of this research indicate that among the proposed methods for the translation of cultural elements, the combined method of the equivalent translation in the target culture is one of the most successful methods, while the free translation of such interpretations just reflects their functional role and ignores their cultural value.

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A Research on 'Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani's Semantic Contemplations

Masoud Algooneh Juneghani

Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2017, , Pages 75-93

Abstract

  Semantics and explaining the relation between "form" and "meaning" are subjects have been always proposed in mystical thoughts, although interpreters and rhetoricians have also accepted ...  Read More Semantics and explaining the relation between "form" and "meaning" are subjects have been always proposed in mystical thoughts, although interpreters and rhetoricians have also accepted them with their own special manners and have had very important discussions on it from the points of their own views. But, in the realm of mysticism, semantics is highly consistent with the main ‎doctrines of mysticism, and has its own particular theoretical basis. Meanwhile, the mystical ‎works of 'Ayn al-Quzat and his approach to the semantics issues are very important. Therefore, 'Ayn al-Quzat's mystical contemplations have been studied, in present essay, under seven topics including: 1) the word and the principles of its codification, 2) the form and the substance of expression, 3) the idiomatic meaning and the true meaning, 4) a plurality of the word and meaning, 5) the factual and the virtual utilization, 6) lexical and semantic distinction, and 7) the signified in the absence of the signifier. It will be made clear, in conclusion, that 'Ayn al-Quzat was influenced by existential and mystical cognitive theories in his semantic contemplations, and his understanding of the truth and its hierarchical structure led him to prefer meaning to form.       

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A Study of Human-Nature relations in Poetry

Zahra Parsapoor

Volume 2, Issue 1 , October 2013, , Pages 77-100

Abstract

  One of Eco-critical subjects that explore the relation between literature and environment is the man’s specific view to nature, affected by different factors such as sex, time, ...  Read More One of Eco-critical subjects that explore the relation between literature and environment is the man’s specific view to nature, affected by different factors such as sex, time, culture and thought. Persian poems have manifested the variety of man’s relation to nature in the course of literary history. Five general views on nature have been introduced through the study of Persian descriptive poems, in this article, to explore the effects of time and the poets’ specific outlooks in their relations to nature and their descriptive manners. On a more general view, it can be found that some parts of nature description in their poetry is not a description of a severe natural environment, and just few examples can be found giving objective descriptions of nature. At last, the necessity of an Eco-critical approach to nature appropriate to the needs of civilized modern world is going to be discussed. Through such view, we witness some changes in nature description in which all natural phenomenon are beautiful and valuable, apart from man’s choice. This approach can positively affect man’s relation to his environment.

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Wisdom vs. Idiocy the Fundamental theme of Tales of the Prophets in Holy Qur'an

Gholamali Fallah

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2016, , Pages 77-95

Abstract

  In the history of Human-culture, story is like one who is absent while he is present, and almost all monotheistic and non-monotheistic religions have used it in their Holy Books to ...  Read More In the history of Human-culture, story is like one who is absent while he is present, and almost all monotheistic and non-monotheistic religions have used it in their Holy Books to convey their messages and teachings, in a way that the Holy Qur'an, the Islam's eternal miracle, can be considered  as  the "storytelling" of the ages. Storytelling has been exploited in Qur'an, especially the tales of the prophets, to strengthen the religious beliefs, to introduce role models, to make Muslims familiar with Islamic traditions, and to encourage them to look and reflect upon the divine revelations and numerous manifestations of creation due to the diversity of its audiences. Storytelling is one of the most important tools to convey the God's invitation to accept His unity portraying the lives of earlier prophets, the day of resurrection, heaven, and hell. The main theme of The Holy Qur'an, and the stories of the prophets in it, is the confrontation of Wisdom vs. Idiocy (or good and evil). It has been tried, in present paper, to explore this theme or conceptual metaphor in the stories of Holy Quran. So, initially the word "oppression" is lexically studied in Qur'an, and then, various manifestations of this meta-narrative will be explained in it.

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Analysis of the "Titles" of the Books and Poems of Mehdi Akhavan-Sales

ali mohammadi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 77-92

Abstract

  The title of any written work is a name the author, or the critic, chooses for it. A book title is not important because it makes an identity for it or makes it different from other ...  Read More The title of any written work is a name the author, or the critic, chooses for it. A book title is not important because it makes an identity for it or makes it different from other works, but it can indicate the quality and the importance in terms of structure as well.   The title is the first sign thet the reader confronts with, and the reader can recognize the works' content and its other media facilities due to the meaningful relation between the title and the text (or between the structure and the concept). Studying the title of Akhavan-Sales' works, their overall title or the title of each poem, is one of the effective methods for reading and understanding of his poetry. So, considering the title of a literary work, it is possible to realize its content and the authors or poet's thinking and emotional moods.  To achieve a suitable result, the content analysis method, as one of the proposed research methods in the field of humanities, was used. In addition, a survey methodology has been used to classify the obtained documents.

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“Parvāneh” as a Governmental Term in Persian Literary and Historical Texts (Up to the End of the Eighth Century AH)

Maryam Seyedan

Volume 8, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 77-96

Abstract

  IRAN's governmental and administration system has changed throughout the history. Some of the jobs and government positions have been disappeared in this procedure, as well as some ...  Read More IRAN's governmental and administration system has changed throughout the history. Some of the jobs and government positions have been disappeared in this procedure, as well as some administrative terminology used in certain periods that are no longer common. Perhaps even, some of these terms have transformed semantically, and today their exact definition and application is unclear to us. Using these terms in their literary and historical texts, the Iranian authors (writers or poets) have occasionally created fantastic interpretations and combinations. Searching for the main meanings of such words/terms used in ancient texts and paying attention to the meanings the writers or the poets intended to transfer can provide a more accurate understanding of the past administrative organization. "Parvāneh" is one of the above mentioned governmental terms had been used in both ancient Persian and Arabic texts and has been semantically transformed. The use of this term, its related interpretation and idiomatic combinations have been studied, in present research, focusing on some outstanding literary and historical texts created up to 8th century AH, and it has been tried to find its accurate meaning and position in the past government agencies. On the basis of the results the meanings are: commandment, permission, bill or document, seal, courier, servant and chamberlain.   

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Inserted Poems in Rashid al-Din Vatvat’s Divan in Saeed Nafisi’s Critical Edition

Mohammad Ahmadi; Sarah Saeidi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , July 2020, , Pages 77-96

Abstract

  Rashid al-Din Vatvat, a poet and prose writer of the Khwarezmian court, was one of the most eminent figures in the 12th century AH. His fame and reputation in his lifetime went beyond ...  Read More Rashid al-Din Vatvat, a poet and prose writer of the Khwarezmian court, was one of the most eminent figures in the 12th century AH. His fame and reputation in his lifetime went beyond Khwarazm and most of his contemporary poets such as Adib Sabir, Abd al-Vasi Jabali, Suzani Samarqandi, Seyyed Hasan Ghaznavi, Asir al-Din Akhsikati, Anvari, and Khaqani mentioned him in their poetry. The biographers after him recorded an extensive account of his life and considered him as one of the best panegyric poets of 12th century contemporary to the Khwarezmian. Vatvat’s widespread fame as a high-ranking official of the Khwarezmian court and an eloquent poet aroused the interest of biographers and scribes to attribute other poems of unknown and less important poets to him; poems which are not nearly close to Vatvat’s style of poetry and whose original poets, by investigating some old anthologies, may be identified. This paper highlights inserted poems in Vatvat’s Divan in Nafisi’s critical edition (Tehran, 1960) which is to date the only edition presented to academic assemblies. These poems are not likely to be composed by Vatvat, but since past biographers and scribes attributed it to him, Nafisi inserted them in his critical edition. This study discusses the reasons why the previously mentioned poems are not Vatvat’s and, to the extent possible, mentions the original composers of them. The results of this article can enrich the studies on Vatvat’s poetry and manuscript analysis.

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Khatm al-Qarayeb (Tohfat al-Eraqain) and Khaqani’s Hajj Trips

Sayeed Mohsen Hosseini Vardanjani

Volume 10, Issue 1 , September 2020, , Pages 77-99

Abstract

  Khatm al-Qarayeb, or Tohfat al-Eraqain, is a renowned masnavi by Khaqani. It has long been attracting the attention of scholars. For years, the question among researches has been whether ...  Read More Khatm al-Qarayeb, or Tohfat al-Eraqain, is a renowned masnavi by Khaqani. It has long been attracting the attention of scholars. For years, the question among researches has been whether this work is a travelogue or not. These researchers, however, are of different opinions and so far, in the numerous corrections of this text and other research, no fixed answer has been given to this question. This article tries to give an accurate and clear answer to this ambiguity through a library method based on Khaqani’s works. In this regard, an attempt is made to examine and critique the major and diverse views of researchers on this subject, and then to present a new perspective, that is some parts of this work is definitely a travelogue, and other parts of it are not. To do so an accurate knowledge of the number and time of Khaqani’s travels is needed; thus, this topic is also addressed. In this regard, first, common views are studied and criticized, and then it is argued that, contrary to popular belief, Khaqani has performed at least three Hajj during his lifetime.

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Death fearing in veiwpoints of Razi as a physician and Mowlavi as a theosophist

Dr. Ahad Faramarz Qaramaleki; Zahra Hosseini

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 79-100

Abstract

  Razi & Mowlavi have both explained the fearing of death; although in different ways. Razi looks death, in any way and for anybody, as a disease and a fictitious phenomenon; so, as physician ...  Read More Razi & Mowlavi have both explained the fearing of death; although in different ways. Razi looks death, in any way and for anybody, as a disease and a fictitious phenomenon; so, as physician tries to treat it rationally. Neglecting the imagination of death is the best way to get out of fearing pressures; because thinking to death can unconsciously bring a great deal of fear. But Mowlavi (Rumi) encounters it differently; He believes that people’s fearing of death refers to their own beliefs; so he gets different conclusions and offers different solutions depending on several bodies. In his points of view, death-thinking, by itself, doesn’t lead in fearing of death and, additionally, it is not always irrational and useless. According to him, death should be more considered instead of ignoring; for it can be useful in obtaining real values, modifying life, returning to originality and rescuing of metamorphosis.

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