Persian Literature - Articles List

Analysis of Concept of Space in Three Stories of Shāhnāme According to the Levy-Bruhl’s Theory of Mythical Thinking

Arman Fateh Dowlatabadi; Habibollah Abbasi; effat neghabi

Volume 12, Issue 2 , March 2023, , Pages 211-230

Abstract

Ambiguity of space in Shāhnāme is an interesting subject which attracts reader’s attention in the mythical and heroic parts of this epic. Irān is one of those ambiguous places ... Read More Ambiguity of space in Shāhnāme is an interesting subject which attracts reader’s attention in the mythical and heroic parts of this epic. Irān is one of those ambiguous places which plays important roles in different stories. In three stories of Iraj’s enthronement, imprisonment of Kekāavoos and The Great War of Keykhosrow and Afrasiab, Iran plays an important role in the narrative of the story. Also, ambiguity of Irān as a place and its mythical characteristics is eminent in these stories. In these stories, Iran is not just a political unit but according to mythical thought of the creators of these stories is something beyond the logical entities and cannot be limited to what we understand of space. In this study, with the use of desk study and content analysis and emphasis on Lévy-Bruhl’s theory of mythical thought we have tried to reach an anthropological reading of these three stories. We have found out that ambiguity of space is rooted in the mythical thinking of the creators of these stories. In these stories, Irān and Iranians are not independent entities but participate in meaning and cause mystic emotions. In other words, Iran and Iranians can be used interchangeably as the context of stories suggest, meaning Iran is Iranians and Iranians are Iran. In Addition, mythical thought considers any threats to the members of a group as a threat to the group as a whole because it perceives the member and the group as one. A member of a group is not just a person but contains the mystical powers of the whole group. So what happens to one member of the group, happens to the group as a whole. If a member is injured, the whole group is considered to be injured. Furthermore, According to this kind of thinking, this perception of group and its members is not paradoxical. So, wars between Iranians and Turanis are something beyond political wars and are an effort to protect Irān and Iranians. In these stories, taking revenge is not simply a political act but is an ethical responsibility of all members of the group in order to protect and preserve the group as a whole. So in these stories that we have analyzed, revenge plays an important role in the narrative of the stories since taking revenge is accepted as an ethical act to save the group in the mythical thinking. Alongside other reasons, our findings show that the ambiguity of space in Shāhnāme can be the product of mythical thinking.

Examining Iranshahri's Thoughts as a Component of Intellectual Style in Gershasp Nameh

Seyed Mohammad Fathollahzade; Mirjalil Akrami

Volume 12, Issue 2 , March 2023, , Pages 231-254

Abstract

Iranians were the people who lived in the land of Great Iran in ancient times, in their social relations with each other and with the neighboring countries and with the people of the ... Read More Iranians were the people who lived in the land of Great Iran in ancient times, in their social relations with each other and with the neighboring countries and with the people of the world of those days, they had wars, peaces and reconciliations, friendships and relationships. This behavior and their relationships and belief, which is history as the preserver and guardian of the documents of the past, has been preserved for the future generation. The ancient Iranians, for whom Ardeshir Sasanian used the word Iranshahri for the first time, had thoughts and ideas to express their opinions, beliefs in establishing relations with others, in the manner and ritual of governance and statecraft. Historians, poets and writers have been influenced by these ideas. Especially the poets of the 4th and 5th century were more influenced by it in their epic works, one of them is the famous Iranian poet Asadi Toosi. Asadi Tusi's Gershasp Nameh is the most important heroic and epic text after the Shahnameh. Although its subject is wars and heroic performances, it contains important and effective elements in the formation process of Iranshahri's ideas. Various topics and elements that have happened throughout history in the thoughts of ancient Iranians and the long-standing beliefs of Iranian citizens in their daily lives have a prominent appearance. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the intellectual foundations of Iranshahri as one of the coordinates in the intellectual level of this valuable work. Now this question is raised, what were Iranshahri's beliefs and thoughts in this book? And what has been reflected? In order to answer the questions in this research, which is analytical-descriptive and based on library studies, topics and elements such as "minorism, theology and religious orientation, Shah Armani, reconciliation and friendship, pact, oath, prophecy, catacombs, magic , fate and destiny" which was one of the main intellectual bases of Iranians and ancient Iranians, based on "Gershasp Name" and reference to "Shahnameh", "Bahman Nameh", "Barzonameh", "Faramarznameh", "Bano Ghassab Nameh" and "Detailed Court" has been examined and analyzed. By studying and examining Gershasep's epistles and epic poems in the Khorasani style, we can conclude that there are few parts of his poems that are not influenced by Iranshahri's ideas. Garshasp, the book of Esdi Toosi, travels, stories, wars, and performances, which are the result of the presence of Gershasp, the mythical warrior of Iran. Events have taken place in it, and there have been effective elements and phenomena, and beliefs that the people of Iran have fully believed in. In this work, the literary master has shown himself in the best way and these themes and elements in Asadi's book have been manifested as the second and best literary work of Khorasani style. And compared to the works of other epic poets of this style, it has been reflected in the best way.

Analyzing the Discourse of Ideology in the Stylistic Layers of Hafez's Laudatory Lyrics

Narges Oskouie

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 1-22

Abstract

Although praise, as an awkward patch in the Diwan of the Unseen Language, is expensive for the eyes and character of Hafez Dostan, and it is also true that the nature of praise is in ... Read More

Application of Literary Theory: A Critical View on Kourosh Safavi’s Opinions

Alireza Mohammadi Kalesar

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 23-40

Abstract

Some parts of Kourosh Safavi’s views in his works, especially in the book Âshnâyi bâ Nazariye Adabi, are related to the application of literary theories in literary ... Read More

Analysis of symbology and Marxist elements In the novel modir-e madreseh by Jalāl Āl-e-Ahmad

Asad Abshirini

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 41-61

Abstract

Modir-e madreseh by Jalal Al Ahmad is one of the famous contemporary novels In which the author of the story is not only dead, but more alive than any other real work, he continuously ... Read More

Introduction and Criticism and Analysis of the Characters of Nafsat al-Masdur Relying on Reliable Historical Sources

Seyedeh Parnian Daryabari

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 63-80

Abstract

Sometimes ordinary words are unable to describe great sorrows, and some people do not find the usual sentences and phrases enough to express their heart-wrenching pain and sorrow…! ... Read More

The Impact of the Story of Div-e Gavpai and the Religious Sage in Marzbannameh from the Storeis of Prophet Moses (pbuh) and Prophet Mohammad (pbuh)

Zeinab Rezapour

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 81-98

Abstract

One of the most important and challenging stories of Marzbannameh is Div-e Gavpai and the religious sage, which covers the fourth chapter of this book and is viewed from different angles. ... Read More

Ancient Survey of the Hero's Travel Pattern in Khavaran-Nameh Based on Joseph Campbell's Theory

Mohamad Mojavezy

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 99-120

Abstract

Ibn Hassam Khosfi’s Khavaran-Nameh is a verse in the form of religious epic, with the theme of fictional tales and wars of Ali (AS) with kings of idolatry such as Tahmasshah, ... Read More Ibn Hassam Khosfi’s Khavaran-Nameh is a verse in the form of religious epic, with the theme of fictional tales and wars of Ali (AS) with kings of idolatry such as Tahmasshah, Salasul Shah, and embraces ancient concepts. Patterns of hero and travel, due to its nature is one of the most used motifs. This study, through descriptive-analytic method, seeks to review Joseph Campbell's proposal for the heroic journey and also its amount of appliance in the Middle East. Campbell considers life as a journey that the hero must take on this journey, while awaring of his strengths and In addition, by identifying his inner desires and secrets and his strengths and weaknesses, he should conduct individua’s ethical issues. The three main themes of the hero's travel theory are: departure, approach, and return. This theory is in harmony with the epic hero's life. Because the hero of each epic should encounter somke delimas, he should face the most terrible paths ,the most awesome creatures and the most dangerous enemies; however, with all his courage, he can go through all the difficult passages and achieve his goal. The is a religious one. The results of the study indicated that in Khavaran-Nameh Ali (AS) began a long journey to save human beings from evil forces. In this journey, How fought with the Dragon and the Wizardand ultimately he eliminated them. Ali (AS), with his inner voice, addresses the Prophet’s worry, he could obviatethe obstacles and problems that each hero goes through to complete their achievement and excellence. after the unity and godliness, the victorious and glorious man returns to Medina and delievers Solomon’s souvenior to the Prophet. The results of the study also indicated that the internal stages, transcendental help, crossing the threshold, whale abdomen, test path,woman in the role of tempter, blessings and free and free stage in Khavarannameh conforms to the stages of Campbell's journey and heroism, and the omission of some stages is due to the religious nature of this epic effect. .

Syntactic Construction Resulting from the Process of “Topicalization of Doubled Clitic” (pro-put) from the Perspective of Rhetoric in Persian Literary Texts

Farhad Mohammadi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 121-139

Abstract

In the Persian language, there is a special syntactic structure in which the proposition of the sentence, which is a complete sentence itself, together with the subject, forms another ... Read More

A Comparative Analysis of Debate in Iraqi_Style Sonnet and Contemporary Sonnet

Marzieh Hemmati; Fatemeh Sadat Taheri; Alireza Fooladi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 141-164

Abstract

Many poets have chosen the art of debate to express their thoughts. Since the widest horizon of Persian poetry belongs to the lyrical type, a considerable number of Persian debates ... Read More

The Transformation of Memory into a Story in Sustainability Literature with the Atash be Ekhtiyar Novel

Mahmood Haddadeyan; Habibollah Abbasi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 165-186

Abstract

Memoir is one of the literary genres and forms of writing in which the writer recounts the events that have taken place in his lives and has had role in them or has observed them.The ... Read More

Hivela ( Luri Weddingsong) Content and Structure Analysis of a Weddingsong

Zahra Khakbaz; Hasan Zolfaghari

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 187-210

Abstract

There are several wedding songs in Luri culture and Hivela is one of them. This wedding song includes various narrations in different areas of Lur inhabitants. There is a Hivela with ... Read More

A Study of Technorealism in This Weblog Will be Transferred

Zahra Taheri

Volume 12, Issue 1 , September 2022, , Pages 211-229

Abstract

Due to the dominance of cyber space on the world, it is obvious that people’s daily lives, especially young adults’, have been affected so much by this space. The same is ... Read More

Volume 13 (2023)

Volume 12 (2022)

Volume 11 (2021)

Volume 10 (2020)

Volume 9 (2019)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2013)

Volume 1 (2011)

Main Subjects = Persian Language and Literature

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