Persian Literature

An Analysis of Barāt in the Bureaucratic (Divāni) Texts

Mohammad Shadrooymanesh; Nafise Irani

Volume 7, Issue 1 , October 2017, , Pages 187-205

Abstract

  The term barāt, originally derived from Arabic barā't, has been used as a bureaucratic term in ancient Persian texts by two meanings: the earliest usage was a receiving document or ...  Read More The term barāt, originally derived from Arabic barā't, has been used as a bureaucratic term in ancient Persian texts by two meanings: the earliest usage was a receiving document or a receipt were issued by treasurer in turn for goods, and the other, a bureaucratic manuscript documented by the court seal through which the government agent could transfer the money or the goods had committed to pay to another person or reference. Since what has occurred in general dictionaries as idiomatic and bureaucratic meaning of barāt is often tolerant, referring to the first-hand resources, it has been tried in present essay to analyze the apparent and functional features of the term barāt. It has also endeavored, through this approach to express the differences of barāt with similar terms such as “ta'liq” and “muthannā”. 

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Here, finer than hair, are thousand points … Some newly found amphibologies and allusions in Hafiz (Khaje-ye-Shiraz)Poems

Dr.Ali Mohammed Gitiforouz

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 191-208

Abstract

  Many different books and essays have been written to explain the elegance of Hafiz poems. Implying some newly found amphibologies and allusions in the poems of Khaje-ye-Shiraz, this ...  Read More Many different books and essays have been written to explain the elegance of Hafiz poems. Implying some newly found amphibologies and allusions in the poems of Khaje-ye-Shiraz, this essay is going to present the using precedence of some amphibologies in the poems of Badr Chachi, the industrial poet of 8th century (lived in 745AH.).

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A Sociological Study on the Use of Ideological System in Child and Adolescent Fiction (A Case Study on the Works of Hushang Moradi Kermani)

alireza mahmoodi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 193-211

Abstract

  Literary works intended for children and adolescents is one of the most extensive parts of any nation’s literature that holds an important role in preparing them enter the society. ...  Read More Literary works intended for children and adolescents is one of the most extensive parts of any nation’s literature that holds an important role in preparing them enter the society. In this regard, religious and cultural institutions - particularly in Islamic societies - are among the most fundamental ones which have attracted especial attentions in children and adolescents fiction. This study has been accomplished to provide a better understanding of the methods have been used to introduce the ideological system and its reflection in child and adolescent fiction, thus, it has been tried to study this reflection, through a descriptive-analytic method and on the basis of Talcott Parsons' theory of "structural Functionalism", in selected works of Hushang Moradi Kermani who is one of the most prominent Iranian authors of fiction for children and adolescents. The ideological system of selected fiction works have been studied, in present study, in two general formats: 1) Religious institutions, and 2) Folk beliefs. The results show that religious-cultural institutions, as one of the important fundamental institutions of the society, have been reflected in the works and religious issues stand at the center of author's attention due to the Islamic culture of Iranian society.  

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The Critique and Analysis of the Link between Technique and Theme in the Story Collection “Heat My Whole Winter”

Teymoor Malmir; Fatemeh Soltanshahi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , May 2019, , Pages 199-218

Abstract

  In order to express and convey their concerns and ideas and based on their own style and special taste, authors choose different techniques, in addition to subject selection which should ...  Read More In order to express and convey their concerns and ideas and based on their own style and special taste, authors choose different techniques, in addition to subject selection which should be consistent with the theme. We have explained, in present study, the extent and the quality of the link between the theme and the multiple semantic layers of the text with the features of narrative technique of the first four stories of the collection "Tamam e Zemestan e Mara Garm Kon" (Heat my whole winter) by Ali Khodaei. In addition to explaining the positive aspects of writing, we are to criticize and analyze the issues that the author should pay more attention to promote his storytelling. The results show that the way of expressing and usage of space, place, time, narration method and characters are accurate and successful in all stories. The narrator is carefully selected to explain and present the theme in the stories of "Tamam e Zemestan e Mara Garm Kon" (Heat my whole winter), "Asrhaye Yekshanbeh" (Sunday Evenings) and "Mokalemeh" (Conversation), but the lyrical plot of the story is not suited to the external third person narrator in his "Fanfar" (Ferris wheel).  In creating this story, the author has not been able to use appropriate language and expression to his lyrical theme. In "Mokalemeh", he has shown the consequences of not speaking; it means that conversation is a reciprocal communication; it is not just saying, and "hearing" should also be considered important as "saying". The sub-story paralleled with the main story in "Tamam e Zemestan e Mara Garm Kon" is consistent with the title and the theme of the story. The atmosphere and location of the story, the confusion of sleeping and awakening times and overlapping of hours are also relevant to the theme.

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Dualism in the Opinions of Descartes and Rumi

Ali morteza Zandi; Ebrahim Rahimi Zangeneh; Khalil Baygzade

Volume 9, Issue 2 , July 2020, , Pages 199-218

Abstract

  This article investigates and compares the views of Descartes and Rumi regarding the duality of the soul and the body and their interaction from the perspective of ontology and epistemology. ...  Read More This article investigates and compares the views of Descartes and Rumi regarding the duality of the soul and the body and their interaction from the perspective of ontology and epistemology. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that Rumi is a dualist from an epistemological point of view and a monist from an ontological one, whereas Descartes is both epistemologically and ontologically a dualist. Descartes believes in the existence of two substances, namely the soul (the essence of the thinker) and the body (the material essence); and above them he believes in God. In his opinion, the soul and body are not only conceptually distinct in the mind (epistemology), but also in the external world (ontology). In his method of philosophical theorization, which should possess internal consistency, clarity, and distinctiveness, Descartes fails to provide a convincing justification on the interaction between the soul and the body and their substantial union — which is the historic problem of dualism. In contrast, Rumi’s method — which is faithful, religious and an expression of his inner and mystical experiences and whose goal is to achieve wonder, not clarity — has no problem in the explication of his opinions.

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The Importance of the Religious Context in Correction and Comprehension of Khaqani’s Poems

amir soltanmohamadi; Sayyed Mansour Sadat Ebrahimi

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2019, , Pages 201-219

Abstract

  Khaqani’s poetry is replete with references to the sciences of his time. This causes his poetry to be impossible to understand without comprehending the variety of sciences (medicine, ...  Read More Khaqani’s poetry is replete with references to the sciences of his time. This causes his poetry to be impossible to understand without comprehending the variety of sciences (medicine, astronomy, history, mythology, geography etc.) which he makes reference to. One of Khaqani’s techniques to enrich his poetry is using Koranic verses and Hadith. In his time, the first sciences that children learned at school were religious sciences including the Koran and Hadith. Undoubtedly, these teachings influenced their mentality, language, and art. So, there were few poets whose works did not reflect these teachings. In Khaqani’s poetry, because he adorns each line of his poems with religious images and themes which are in line with his writing style, this reflection is highlighted. In some cases the scribes or correctors’ negligence has caused Khaqani’s divan to be distorted. In this article, some cases in which the scribes or correctors have been ignorant of the religious context of Khaqani’s poetry are studied.

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Serenade in Persian Literature

Neda Behsan; Hassan Jafaritabar

Volume 10, Issue 1 , September 2020, , Pages 207-229

Abstract

  Serenade is a common motif and archetype in literature. It is a kind of dialogue between the lover and the beloved while the beloved is by the window of her house and the lover is below ...  Read More Serenade is a common motif and archetype in literature. It is a kind of dialogue between the lover and the beloved while the beloved is by the window of her house and the lover is below the window. In this essay, serenade is not limited to the door and the window of the beloved; all the top positions like the roof, horse, sky and the sun could be included into the meaning of the upper place of the beloved. We can see this motif in the traditional literature more often than in contemporary one, because serenade belongs to the paradigmatic axis of love in the classical poems where the lover is always away from the beloved. But in contemporary love literature, the lover is often in the presence of his beloved; so love nowadays acts more often on the syntagmatic axis. In this essay, serenade is also considered as a political concept when all the powerful men like to be in a position superior to the others. So in the power-centered literature of Nietzsche, Zoroaster descends the mountain to save the others, and in the disciplinary power of Foucault, the self-discipline on the citizens is materialized through the high towers which replaced the dungeons.

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A Textual Criticism of Unknown Lyrical Stories of the Indian Subcontinent: Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah

Milad Jafarpoor; Ihsan Ahmad

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2021, , Pages 213-234

Abstract

  The present study adopts an inductive method to study one of the unknown lyric narratives of the Indian subcontinent, called Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah. First, a summary of the ...  Read More The present study adopts an inductive method to study one of the unknown lyric narratives of the Indian subcontinent, called Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah. First, a summary of the work is presented, and then its characteristics are examined in eight sections: naming, narrator, time and place of authorship, origin, structure, language, and literary type. Then in the second part, a study of the literary elements of Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah is done in eleven sections: plot, point of view, character, time and place, theme, moral principles, destiny, customs, descriptions, and principles. The results of this study indicate that Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah is a relatively successful example of Indian subcontinent love stories that try to promote moral principles with simple and unpretentious language and at the same time a romantic plot.

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The Esoteric Interpretation of Sheikhs’ Words in Hojwiri’s Kashf al-Mahjoub

Roghayeh Bayram Haghighi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 193-209

Abstract

  Kashf al-Mahjoub is the first Persian independent mystical text, written by Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Osman Al-Jolabi Al-Hojwiri Al-Qaznavi which contains valuable information about different ...  Read More Kashf al-Mahjoub is the first Persian independent mystical text, written by Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Osman Al-Jolabi Al-Hojwiri Al-Qaznavi which contains valuable information about different subjects of Sufism. Since one of the effective methods on which one can understand a Sufi’s viewpoints and can figure out his ideology and even his anagogic and mystical Psychology is to analyze his esoteric interpretation on Quranic verses, hadiths and other sheikhs’ words and the interpretation of Existence and natural phenomenon, I’ve [1]tried, in this essay, to study Hojwiri’s mechanism to interpret the sheikh’s words, such as discursive and chimerical instances, the rate of the author’s commitment to the appearance of the text, and the style he attend the components of the sentences and the syntax relations on his perception.  

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Analysis of Mystical Attitudes of Rashid al-Din Meybodi about verses on Women in Kashf al-Asrar

Maryam al-Sadat Asadi Firouzabadi

Volume 3, Issue 1 , September 2013, , Pages 197-216

Abstract

  A large number of verses in Holy Quran deal with the issues of women, such as their rights and duties and the juridical commandments about them. In addition, the names of some famous ...  Read More A large number of verses in Holy Quran deal with the issues of women, such as their rights and duties and the juridical commandments about them. In addition, the names of some famous women have been pointed out in some of its chapters (Surahs) who played main roles in Quranic stories or historical events. Utilizing library sources, women-related Quranic verses which have been brought in third edition of Kashf al-Asrar will be criticized for the sake of their interpretation and Sufi perspective through a descriptive-analytic method. An overall survey shows that most of Meybodi’s interpretations are comparative and he tries to analyze the fundamentals of Sufism and expresses his mystical thoughts by use of Quranic verses with no attention to the gender of Woman. So, Meybodi’s attitude about the status and sexuality of women would be clear. Regardless some few cases, he has a lovely and compassionate attitude toward them.    

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Parvāz or Parvār? A Contemlation on Khāghāni's Poetry

majid mansouri

Volume 7, Issue 1 , October 2017, , Pages 207-220

Abstract

  Although some corrections have already been made to Khāghāni Shirwani's Divan and many researches have been accomplished to know this famous poet and the other works about him, many ...  Read More Although some corrections have already been made to Khāghāni Shirwani's Divan and many researches have been accomplished to know this famous poet and the other works about him, many verses can be found in his Divan that might be semantically disturbed and their rhetorical and literary values have been completely eliminated due to a mistake in recording or editing. Correcting Khāghāni's works on the basis of his own works seem being one of the criteria and methods can be used today in correcting his poems. The general editing of Parvār in to Parvāz, occurred in some of his divan's verses, Tohfat al-A'erfin and Munshaat have been analyzed and corrected and it has been tried to suggest some new corrections based on other verses  and similar themes in the of Khāghāni and other persian poets

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The importance of Rahat al-Sodur in Shahnameh’s correction

Dr. Yadollah Bahmani Motlaq

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 209-225

Abstract

  As one of prominent Persian historic/literal works, Rahat al-Sodur has many derivations of Shahnameh. 594 distiches of Shahnameh in different theologic and moral subjects cited in this ...  Read More As one of prominent Persian historic/literal works, Rahat al-Sodur has many derivations of Shahnameh. 594 distiches of Shahnameh in different theologic and moral subjects cited in this work, initially show the magnificence of Ferdowsi’s masterwork, and then, on the other hand, Ramandi’s interest and attachment to it. He(Ramndi) has benefitted Ferdowsi’s wise morals throughout his work, and in this way, has validated it and has composed many verses on Shahnameh’s style and rhythm, although not as solid as what can be seen in Shahnameh but with a firmness that makes it hard to distinguish. Shahnaneh’s cited dispatches in Rahat al-Sodur, because of the “very careful” correction of Dr. Mohammed Iqbal, as Mojtaba Minavi says, and for the two works isochronism, can be considered as a very helpful clue to Shahnameh correctors. In this essay the rate of Rahat al-Sodur’s influence on correction of Shahnameh is discussed and the scientific reasons of the preference of Rahat al-Sodur’s dispatches are offered.

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Explanation of a Sentence in Asrar-al-towhid and A Look at Sufis' Provisions

hamidreza salmani

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 213-232

Abstract

  Thereis a sentence by a butcher to Abusaeed in one of the stories of “Asrar-al-towhid”(Maqamat of Sheikh Abusaeed Abollkheir) that contains a “regretful”combination. ...  Read More Thereis a sentence by a butcher to Abusaeed in one of the stories of “Asrar-al-towhid”(Maqamat of Sheikh Abusaeed Abollkheir) that contains a “regretful”combination. Professor Shafie Kadkani believes, based on what he has written inthe appendix to the book, that the “regretful” combination denotes “ridicule”and has described it; but according to the other sources,and based on the semantic structure of above-mentioned sentence it can be said that the combination means“oppression”, and thebutcher intended to express the Sufis' parasitic mannerof life.  Besides citing evidences thatconfirm the mentioned meaning from other texts, it has been shown, in presentpaper and through a discussion on Sufis' provisions by their illuminations,that the more we get away from the earliest periods ofSufism, the illuminations get more important places in monastery system andengaging in manual jabs decreases among the Sufis.   Meanwhile the approach of commonpeople to Sufis and thesituation made them to give illuminations are the other discussed issues.

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Criticism and Content Analysis of “Adab-e Farsi” The Quarterly Journal of University of Tehran Through Scientometrics Approach

Naser Alizadeh; Alireza Nayebi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , May 2019, , Pages 219-235

Abstract

  Nowadays, the term "science production" has gotten a special place in our country and has occupied the minds of the government officials and those who plan the scientific and research ...  Read More Nowadays, the term "science production" has gotten a special place in our country and has occupied the minds of the government officials and those who plan the scientific and research affairs. One of the most worthy parts in this regard, is the examining of scientific – research papers production in scholarly journals. To do this, it has been tried, in present study, to analyze the statistical data collected from the website of the Persian Literature, the quarterly journal of the University of Tehran to explore and discuss about the number of authors, their scientific degrees, the centers and institutes active in the journal, the extent of co-operation between authors and etc. The results show that 60 papers have been produced individually, 97 papers have been jointly produced, from which the authors of 63 papers belong to the same university and the authors of 34 papers belong to different universities. Ali Muhammad Moazeni and 7 other writers were the most prolific ones, with 4 published papers.  The content analysis of the papers shows that fictional literature, mysticism and Sufism consist a large part of the subjects. 28 papers, 10.40% of all, have been produced by journal's editorial board, which is an acceptable average. 4039 sources have been totally cited which is a 72.25% average for each paper and also an acceptable average. More than 14 years have passed from the publication of 56.30% (2274) of the sources used in papers. With 115 authors (42.75%), University of Tehran and Kharazmi University are the most prolific producers, which can be considered as one of journal's weak points. Three of the editorial staff are among the most prolific authors.

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An Analysis of the Archetype of Individuation in the Novel Chehel Salegi

Shirin Mirshahvalad; Gholam Ali FallFallah Ghahroudiah

Volume 9, Issue 2 , July 2020, , Pages 219-236

Abstract

  Carl Gustav Jung, the Swiss psychologist, is the founder of “analytical psychology.” He, unlike Freud, does not limit personality development to childhood, but believes ...  Read More Carl Gustav Jung, the Swiss psychologist, is the founder of “analytical psychology.” He, unlike Freud, does not limit personality development to childhood, but believes that it occurs throughout man’s life span although the goals in the second phase of life differ from the ones in its first phase. From the goals in the second phase of life, obtaining individuality can be mentioned. In the present paper, using Jung’s analytical psychology, we perform an interdisciplinary reading of Chehel Salegy written by Nahid Tabatabaei in order to demonstrate that the protagonist achieves spiritual development and perfection and individuation in the course of the novel. She embarks on a journey to achieve individuation during which she moves from unconsciousness to consciousness and self-knowledge. Under the guidance of the Wise Old Man, she solves all her inner conflicts, while accepting all her hidden “shadows,” and being united with her animus, she finally ends the journey successfully. In this way, she achieves the complete knowledge of her own self, while also passing midlife crisis.

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The Dialectics of Spiritual Poetry and Intuition of Meaning in Bidel Dehlavi’s Thoughts

majid azadbakht; hasanali pourmand; mina mohamadi vakil

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2019, , Pages 221-240

Abstract

  We can explore Bidel Dehlavi’s epistemic system and artistic identity through two layers of intuitive experience and spiritual texts. A collateral bond, in terms of ontology and ...  Read More We can explore Bidel Dehlavi’s epistemic system and artistic identity through two layers of intuitive experience and spiritual texts. A collateral bond, in terms of ontology and epistemology, unites these two epistemic-artistic layers. The first, is an intuitive experience stemming from the demeanor of “Tabatol to Fana” (translation: Annihilation to Inexistence) and ascension of “Peleh Peleh ta Khoda” (translation: Step-by-Step to God). The second is a mysterious collection of spiritual texts whose real value is appraised through philosophical sonnet. The collection decrypts the indivisibility of the truth in a symbolic language, and places God at a level that is within the scope of man’s intuitive understanding. In other words, Bidel recreates meaning via the triple process of deducing, paraphrasing, and interpreting spiritual texts. The fundamental questions of the research are as follows: What is the most prominent possible existing connection between the intuitive experience (the epistemic layer) and the symbolic interpretive language of Bidel (artistic layer)? What are the reasons for Bidel’s tendency toward symbolic expressions in his poems? By examining these two questions, we test the hypothesis that Bidel’s ontological and epistemological foundations have an intentional and subtle relation to his symbolic language and formulations. The poet turns to symbolism and creation of spiritual texts in order to remove the mask of meaning. On the other hand, the essence of natural languages, embedded in empirical human discourses, blocks the way to absolute manifestation. This is the reason why Bidel is able to overcome this linguistic restriction via imagination, mystery, and symbolism through Sufi understanding.

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The Change in the Pattern of Poetry and Painting of the Safavid Era as Reflected in Ahli Shirazi’s Poems and Reza Abbasi’s Paintings

Hasanali Pourmand; Majid Azadbakht; Mohammad Khazaee

Volume 10, Issue 1 , September 2020, , Pages 231-249

Abstract

  Imagery in Iranian poetry and in painting are closely related in terms of artistic creation and aesthetics as well as insight. This close connection is effected through the influence ...  Read More Imagery in Iranian poetry and in painting are closely related in terms of artistic creation and aesthetics as well as insight. This close connection is effected through the influence of painting on various themes of Persian poetry and literature. According to the findings of this study, at some point in the Safavid era, merchants and the middle class started to prosper; as a result, and due to the great influence of scholars, art matured among the middle layers of society. In addition, the fading of collective values, the growth of pride among poets and artists, and the use of enigmatic meanings caused the paintings to be painted from unusual angles and the tone of speakers and artists to change. Since each era has its own tone, we see the echo of this tone in the poetry and painting of this era to the extent that many of the literary devices of this era became lexical games and the emphasis on figures of speech surpassed imagery in the poetry of Ahli Shirazi and other poets of the Safavid era. Based on the hypothesis of this research, for many instances of wordplay, visual examples can be found. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to find out whether the painters of Isfahan school have employed in their paintings the literary devices of the poetry of this period.

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The Properties of Poetic Form in Reza Baraheni’s Accosting the Butterflies

Negin Shahabi; Amir Maziar

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2021, , Pages 235-255

Abstract

  In Persian poetry, the issue of form has gone through so many alterations. In the last decades and after the emergence of Modern Persian poetry, these formal changes have been more ...  Read More In Persian poetry, the issue of form has gone through so many alterations. In the last decades and after the emergence of Modern Persian poetry, these formal changes have been more significant and controversial. One of the latest noteworthy theories in Persian contemporary poetry has been proposed by Reza Baraheni in Accosting the Butterflies. In the theoretical section titled “Why I Am No Longer a Nimaie Poet?” the author claims that Modern Persian poetry has been beset with a crisis and attempts to find a solution by discussing the flaws in Persian free verse and blank verse poems. In this book, poems and theories are inspired by postmodernism and other western literary theories such as formalism and deconstruction, and the ideas of “languagality,” “polyphonic poetry,” “adoption of sound and breath,” and “narrative interruption” are introduced to Persian poetry for the first time. By reviewing Barahani’s poetic form in various periods of his career and studying the impacts of postmodernism on his ideas, the present paper aims to analyze Baraheni’s latest theories on poetic form and to present a new classification for the formal characteristics of Accosting the Butterflies.

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A Comparative Study of the Nnarrative in Hedayat’s Boofe Koor and Maroofi’s Paykare Farhad

Aliasghar Eskandari; Sadegh Javadi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 211-229

Abstract

  Narrative has being existed in many different forms through communities in all places and all times. It began with human history, and there has been no nation with any narrative. Narrative ...  Read More Narrative has being existed in many different forms through communities in all places and all times. It began with human history, and there has been no nation with any narrative. Narrative is just like life. Since the man is under the influence of story’s narrative logic, the structure of [1]narration has an extensive range just like the variety of lives of human societies. What makes the narrative forms look different is the way the narrative elements such as plot, narrator, etc. are being used in the story. We examine, in this paper, the narrative techniques and specific methods used by Sadegh Hedayat and Abbas Maroufi in their modern novels, Boofe Koor and Paykare Farhad, respectively. Finally, we try to realize and find out the author’s linguistic syntax and Show the distinctions exist between two narratives, and also, to represent the ambiguity of each work exposing some examples from both stories.  

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Analysis of Turkish words in Diwan- e- Hafiz

Dr.Ismael Tajbakhsh

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 227-244

Abstract

  Turkish words in the texts of Persian language and literature show the deep and long relations between two languages. And because the Diwan-e-Hafiz (Hafiz’s complete works), in which ...  Read More Turkish words in the texts of Persian language and literature show the deep and long relations between two languages. And because the Diwan-e-Hafiz (Hafiz’s complete works), in which the Persian lyric poetry achieves its most flourishing perfection, is not an exception, some of its 35 Turkish words are going to be surveyed to determine their morphophonemic in this paper. Hoping to be considered as an accurate analysis to Hafiz fond and researchers.

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A Structural Comparison of Abdurrahman Shirazi’s Maarif ul-Awarif and Abu Mansur Isfahani’s Awarif ul-Maarif

Forough Farjam; Sayyed Ali Asghar Mirbagherifard; Sayyede Maryam Rozatian

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2019, , Pages 241-260

Abstract

  Mystics and truth-seekers, in their readings of mystical texts, have predominantly focused on texts which, in addition to giving an account of theoretical principles, provide didactic ...  Read More Mystics and truth-seekers, in their readings of mystical texts, have predominantly focused on texts which, in addition to giving an account of theoretical principles, provide didactic programs and strategies. Awarif ul-Maarif laid out a comprehensive source of mystical knowledge before the reader of the early seventh century. Its inclusion in the syllabus became, for centuries to come, a prerequisite for the foundation of new Khanqahs. In addition to providing an account of the principles of spiritual practice, Awarif ul-Maarif defined the limits of and identified positive and negative aspects of Sufi precepts. In doing so, it distinguished itself by criticizing the theories of opposers of Sufism, discussing skeptics’ ideas and pointing out how skepticism could be overcome. The need for a translation of this work and the efforts undertaken in this respect led to renderings by various translators each benefitting the reader in its own way. This article compares two of these translations, i.e. Abu Mansur Isfahani and Abdurrahman Shirazi’s translations which date back to the late seventh and early eighth century respectively. The article deals with the texts’ structural approaches, the translators’ style and mode of expression, and the strengths and weaknesses of their translations. The most important finding is that Isfahani’s version is merely an adaptation of the original Awarif—albeit it is written in a more poetic style and engaging the reader’s imagination to a greater extent—whereas Shirazi’s Maarif ul-Awarif is an accurate and comprehensive translation which remains faithful to Suhrawardi’s message.

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The Conduct Quintet Accessories In the mirror of Quranic verses, narratives and mystic literature

Dr.Mohammed Hasan Foadian

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 245-258

Abstract

  Conducting to God (Seir ila Allah) is one of the main characteristics of developed humans who are looking for real perfection and (spiritual) joining, which will not be yielded unless ...  Read More Conducting to God (Seir ila Allah) is one of the main characteristics of developed humans who are looking for real perfection and (spiritual) joining, which will not be yielded unless using its own accessories. Searching in Quranic verses, different narratives, and what sages have said about the habitudes of conducting, it can be found that they(main accessories), after much more recitations(zikr), are reticence(Somt), starvation(joua?), vigil(sohr), and isolation(?Ozlat), all which we call quintet accessories of conducting to God, and are going to explain then through holy verses and narratives and mystical poems and sayings. And it’s the consequence of this holy Quranic verse: “And seek help through patience and prayer, and indeed, it is difficult except for the humbly submissive [to Allah]” Baqara – 45.

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A Glance on Elaborative Metaphor

Dr. Omid Majd; Saeed Mahdavifar

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 259-275

Abstract

  Despite the passage of 9 centuries of elaborative metaphor mentioning in Persian rhetoric, the antecedents’ sayings already look repetitive and it is considered as one of metaphor ...  Read More Despite the passage of 9 centuries of elaborative metaphor mentioning in Persian rhetoric, the antecedents’ sayings already look repetitive and it is considered as one of metaphor tools in the most up-to-date points of view. Criticizing the reports of experts and analyzing 13 different structures, a new research has been carried out in present essay. It finally ends with its aesthetic applications.

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Contemplation on concinnity between Music and Components of Modern Iranian Poetry

Dr. Mahmood Fazilat; Yaqub Nowroozi

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 277-294

Abstract

  The Musical and content harmony of Modern Iranian poetry is the core of this paper. There’ll be, initially, some arguments on the importance, coordination and the fitness existing ...  Read More The Musical and content harmony of Modern Iranian poetry is the core of this paper. There’ll be, initially, some arguments on the importance, coordination and the fitness existing between the poems’ components and the concinnity and elegance occurs, then the importance dedicated to such components by the poets and their beliefs to the harmonious coordination reflexes in their works will be scrutinized. The remarks of each poet, Nima, Shamloo, Akhavan and Shafiee Kadkani about the matter will be also discussed by some examples. It will finally be shown that their paying attention to such synchronism has a great role in the concinnity and influence of their poems. They have best used different kinds of music; external music (prosodic rhythm), internal music and side music (rhyme) to induct their concepts and to create such beauties.

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The Position and Diversity of Paradox and Sensuality in Rumi’s Masnavi

Dr. Mitra Golchin; Somayyeh Rashidi

Volume 1, 3-5 , January 2011, , Pages 295-308

Abstract

  This essay analyzes the paradox and sensuality, as two alienation styles and two artistic methods of expression, in the mystical language of Rumi in his Masnavi. Paying attention to ...  Read More This essay analyzes the paradox and sensuality, as two alienation styles and two artistic methods of expression, in the mystical language of Rumi in his Masnavi. Paying attention to the fact that the source of these two imagination forms, being used in mystical literature, refers to one of the basic principles of thought in Ash?ari’s word, denial of causality and belief in absolute domination of God willing on natural causes and His pervasive power to change whole universe, is very important. In addition to the definition of these two expression styles, different kinds of paradoxes and sensualities are discussed through some examples of Rumi’s Masnavi. And some of them, from the 1st and 2ndvolume are compared with each other and their usage frequencies are determined.

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