An Archetypal Criticism of the Character of

Vaez, Saeed; Manouchehry, Zahra

doi:10.22059/jpl.2023.359939.2177

An Archetypal Criticism of the Character of "Driyōš" in the Story of the Nooshafarin Gohartaj

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Saeed Vaez ¹

Zahra Manouchehry ²

¹ Professor of Persian language and literature, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

² PhD student of Persian language and literature, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2023.359939.2177

Abstract

The word "driyōš" means poor, needy, beggar, destitute. Also, driyōš refers to ascetics and mystics who are devout from the world and worldly belongings. Therefore, a driyōš refers to a person who, willingly or unwillingly, has nothing and is poor. Of course, "true driyōš" is needy, eager and in need of God. The attribute of such a driyōš is contentment and satisfaction. This study seeks to investigate the character of Driyōš in the story of Noosh Afarin GoharTaj, based on Jung's archetypal theory, and to present a new reading of this story, which leads to the understanding of the instinctive, cultural and idealistic substrata of Iranian society at a particular time. Analyzing the character of Driyōš as a key character in this story and his psychological truth can strengthen this goal; at the same time, it is also a confirmation of the importance of popular stories from Jung's point of view. The research method is a qualitative and quantitative analysis that was formed based on library sources. There are seven characters in this story that can be matched with the character of "Driyōš". These characters can be generally divided into three categories: the hero (self-willed poor), the hero's helper (the true Driyōš), and the anti-hero (Non-Driyōš). The archetypal roles of Driyōš in order of frequency in this story are "self, mask, hero, wise old man, animus and shadow". The character of "Driyōš" has been a positive and respectable character in general. The roles played by this character in the story present him with a likable and ideal face: a savior hero and a pious person with dignity who solves all problems and has a function like the saints of God. The prince (the one who is going to be the king in the future) and pious generous (the religious leader of the community) as the two main pillars of the country, both are driyōš-character and Shiite-religion. The enemy of the hero/prince can be compared to the ostentatious and hypocritical here Driyōšoid. In the end, the prince forms a new and ideal government with the guidance of pious. According to the results of the research, it shows how concepts derived from popular belief, people's unconscious needs and desires, and the political-cultural structure of society affect the characterization of the story (here Driyōš type). Also, the story has emphasized on a certain type of lifestyle, i.e. laziness and abandoning dependencies, trust, relationship and reconciliation of man with the surrounding world (nature and animals) and patience in reaching the goal; And the way and custom of Driyōš is the main way to reach the purpose and knowledge. But it should be noted that these stories are popular, and mysticism and driyōš religion in them are very superficial.

Keywords

Archetypal Criticism

popular stories

Story

Noosh Afarin GoharTaj

driyōš

Subjects

Persian Language and Literature

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