Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Qom University, Qom, Iran

10.22059/jpl.2023.359064.2174

Abstract

How to read a poem affects its grammatical, rhetorical and semantic structure; This reading casts a shadow on all parts of the poem whether it is under the influence of ambiguity and confusion or under the influence of changing the tone of the words. Some poems have two types of readings and two types of interpretation for different reasons, and this leads to different perceptions of that poem. The purpose of the present research is to investigate this important matter. Another goal of this research is to show the necessity of paying attention to the difference in the reading of poems, that is, we should not read all the texts of Persian verse and poetry in the same way. Especially in poetry, more attention should be paid to grammatical, rhetorical and semantic structure.The present research is descriptive and analytical, based on library sources, after studying the divan of poems of several Persian poets, verses that have double readings were extracted and analyzed in three grammatical, rhetorical and semantic levels. It has been classified and analyzed.According to the topics proposed in this research, the role and effect of double reading in creating different grammatical, rhetorical and semantic structures in poems was discussed and it was determined that the verses that have two types of reading at the lexical and syntactic-sentential level are under the influence of each of readings, they can induce double impressions to the reader. This causes changes in three grammatical, rhetorical and semantic levels and gives at least dual analyses. At the grammatical level, each of the readings may change the grammatical role and type; At the rhetorical level, it causes double rhetorical interpretations, and at the semantic level, it causes two relatively different meanings from verses. Therefore, paying attention to the correct form of reading leads to a more correct understanding of grammar, rhetoric and meaning, and neglecting this can cause wrong and incorrect perceptions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Amir Moazi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad (1939), Diwan, by Abbas Iqbal, Tehran, Islamic Bookstore.[In Persian].
Ahli, Muhammad bin Yusuf (1965), Divan of Poems, edited by Hamed Rabbani, Tehran, Sanai. [In Persian].
Hafez, Shamsuddin Mohammad (1990), Diwan, by Qazvini and Ghani, Ch 6, Tehran, Zovar. [In Persian].
Hassanzadeh Neiri, Mohammad Hassan and Yaser Dalvand (2014), "Hidden Proportions in Hafez's Poetry", Literary Research Text, Vol. 64, Summer, 54-31. [In Persian].
Hamidian, Saeed (2010), Shahrah Shogh, Tehran, Qatr. [In Persian].
Khorramshahi, Bahauddin (1994), Hafez Nameh, Ch 6, Tehran, scientific and cultural. [In Persian].
Khatib Rahbar, Khalil (2007), Diwan Ghazliat Hafez, Ch 41, Tehran, Safi Alisha. [In Persian].
Saadi, Mosleh al-Din (1937), Koliat, by Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Tehran, Adab bookshop. [In Persian].
Saadi, Mosleh al-Din (1998), Diwan Ghazliat, under the care of Khalil Khatib Rahbar, Ch 10, Tehran, Mehtab. [In Persian].
Soudi, Mohammad (1987), Soudi's Commentary on Hafez, translated by Ismat Sattarzadeh, Ch 5, Tehran, Zarin. [In Persian].
Sabohi Qomi, Shater Abbas (1983), Divan of Poems, edited by Ahmad Karmi, Tehran, Ma. [In Persian].
Taheri Mahzmini, Najmeh and Mohammad Reza Sarfi (2013), "Study of polysemous elements and their main reasons in Diwan Kabir Molavi's lyric poetry", Shaerpazhouhi, vol. 4, Winter, 152-127. [In Persian].
Farrokhi, Ali (2001), Diwan, under the care of Mohammad Debirsiaghi, Ch 6, Tehran, Zovar. [In Persian].
Farshidord, Khosrow (1973), "Criticism of Persian Poetry: A Critical Comment on Persian and Arabic Rhetoric Techniques", Armaghan, Volume 44, Vol. 11 and 12, Bahman and Esfand, 781-793. [In Persian].
Faset Shirazi (1958), Divan, edited by Ali Zarin Qalam, Tehran, Siros bookstore. [In Persian].
Karimi, Mojtabi et al. (2022), "Investigation of factors of linguistic, rhetorical and semantic ambiguity in Hafez's poetry", Journal of Literary Schools, Volume 6, Issue 20, Winter, 125-150. [In Persian].
Kazzazi, Mirjalaluddin (1994), The Aesthetics of Parsi Speech (New), Ch. 5, Tehran, Book of Mad. [In Persian].
Mohseni, Ahmed (2006), "Iham and Transformation of Grammatical Categories", Mystical Literature and Cognitive Mythology, Volume 2, Volume 2, 117-125. [In Persian].
Mortazavi, Manouchehr (1959), "Iham or the main characteristic of Hafez's style", Journal of Tabriz Faculty of Literature, Vol. 49, Summer, 224-193. [In Persian].
Mortazavi, Manouchehr (1971), "Hafez's special style", Tabriz Faculty of Literature Journal, Vol. 97, Winter and Spring, 48-33. [In Persian].
Maulvi, Jalaluddin Mohammad (1995), Shams Tabrizi's Generalities, edited by Badiul Zaman Farozanfar, Tehran, Bostan Kitab. [In Persian].
Mehsti Ganjei (2003), Mehsti Ganjei, the greatest poet of the quartet, by Moinuddin Mehrabi, Tehran, Tus. [In Persian].
Nabilou, Alireza (2013), Sahar Halal, Qom, Qom University. [In Persian].
Najm Razi (1994), Mursad al-Abad, under the care of Mohammad Amin Riahi, Ch 5, Tehran, scientific and cultural. [In Persian].
Nizari Qahestani (1992), Divan, proofreading of Mozafa, Tehran, Scientific.
Nizami, Elias (2004), Makhzan al-Asrar, by Saeed Hamidian, Ch 5, Tehran, Drop. [In Persian].