Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Faculty member of Persian language and literature at Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
2 Ph.D Candidate of Persian language and literature at Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Abstract
One of the prominent topics in mystical literature, especially mystical ghazal, is the use of Qalandari themes and concepts. This style began with Sana'i and had a great influence on the poetry of prominent ghazal writers such as Attar, Hafez, Iraqi, Rumi, and others. The themes and characteristics of Qalandari have also had a significant impact in recent periods and in contemporary ghazals in Afghanistan; Therefore, the present study aims to examine the elements and concepts of Qalandariyyah in a descriptive-analytical manner, relying on the poems of three prominent contemporary Afghan poets, Ashghari, Bitab, and Sayyida Karokh. The results of the study show that these poets have tried to include Qalandari elements in their poems and, in this way, create Qalandari concepts and themes. The three mentioned poets, ignoring the religious and social taboos prevailing in their era, have used these concepts in their poetry and have praised centers of debauchery and immorality such as taverns and idolatries, and sometimes have encouraged their audience to wear belts, take a bath, and engage in other issues that are in conflict with the teachings and norms of Islam. Flattery, references to ascetics and Sufis, encouragement to drink alcohol, hashish, and booze, and false euphoria, descriptions of musical instruments, inclination to the religion of blame, defamation and turning one’s back on good names, and in general, encouragement to a Qalandar-like lifestyle are seen with great frequency in the poetry of these three poets. The expression of such concepts in their poetry is due to the influence of the past poetic tradition, the strictness of the religious scholars, and the prevalence of the school of mystical symbolism.
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