The Persian-Chinese-Uyghur Trilingual Decree at the Court of the Ming Dynasty (1386-1616 AD)
Mohamadbagher
Vosoghi
Professor in History, University of Tehran
author
Chen
Binbin
PhD in Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University
author
text
article
2021
per
Iran-China relations are not limited to political and economic affairs. The invasion of China by Genghis Khan in the early 14th century and the rise of Yuan Dynasty changed the situation for China's non-indigenous ethnics. The ruling Mongols used these immigrants as their administrative agents in China. In fact, the Mongol rulers of China exploited these non-indigenous forces to prolong their political presence in this country. A large ethnic group that migrated (or was forced to migrate) to China during this era was the Persian speakers of Transoxiana, Khorasan, and other parts of Iran. These immigrants were appointed to different administrative and commercial positions by Mongol rulers of China and as a result, Persian language was gradually introduced to Chinese administrative and commercial literature. In other words, the spread of Persian language in China is due to the administrative system of the Yuan Dynasty on the one hand, and the immigration of Persian speakers to China on the other. During this epoch, Persian became the common tongue between Muslim ethnicities and a newly-formed ethnic group called Hui Hui. This new ethnic group was rooted in the community of the Persian speaker immigrants from Transoxiana and other parts of Iran who were settled in China and were absorbed in the Chinese society. The use of Persian in Chinese administrative system continued in the Ming Dynasty era. A new department was even established in the court of the King for translation of Persian texts to Chinese. Consequently, several documents were created in Persian in the administrative branch of the Ming Dynasty, one being the Chinese-Persian-Uighur decree presented in this paper. The decree was issued to a Muslim official, Amίrhāji, in the city of Yangzhou. This study aims to investigate and review this trilingual decree, which is kept in China Cultural Palace of Nationalities in Beijing, and evaluate the historical aspects of its writing in addition to explaining the background of the application of Persian language in Chinese administrative affairs.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
1
19
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80769_e074494cd00b0b72b53642119282fe0f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2021.312434.1812
The Rhetorical Function of Sentence Mood in Nezami Ganjavi’s Poetry
Roohollah
Hadi
Associate Professor in Persian Language and Literature, University of Tehran
author
Alireza
Hajiannezhad
Associate Professor in Persian Language and Literature, University of Tehran
author
Zeinab
Nasiri
PhD student in Persian language and literature, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2021
per
Nezami’s poetry has great rhetorical value. The poet’s attention to rhetorical principles and the relationship between the poet and the reader are the most important characteristics of Nezami’s poetry. Through the illustration of these characteristics, we can understand the poet’s ability in his poetic art and his influence on the audience. In Khosro and Shirin, the poet has used conversation more than in his other works. The reader’s presence and the poet’s attention to them are completely evident, and there is a mutual relationship between the speaker and the listener. Therefore, his poems have many different sentence moods, and by analyzing these moods, we can perceive their literary and artistic function. One of the syntactic characteristics of sentence is “mood” which has a very important function in rhetorical analysis of literature. Sentence mood indicates the interactive function of language and shows the extent of the relationship between the author and the reader. Accordingly, the sentence moods are the most effective principles of mobility and polyphony of the text. In declarative sentences, the relationship between the author and the reader is one-sided and the sentences have less mobility. However, in interrogative and imperative sentences, the audience interacts with the author and this interaction increases the text’s mobility. In this research, the role of sentence mood in Nezami’s Khosro and Shirin is discussed.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
21
37
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80768_101632cb85783914c6b63850377db7fa.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2021.274191.1347
An Analysis and Critique of Postmodern Characteristics in the Novel Hiss
Teymoor
Malmir
Professor in Persian language and literature. University of Kurdistan
author
Najmoddin
Rostam Younes
PhD student in Persian language and literature,, University of Kurdistan
author
text
article
2021
per
Mohammad Reza Kateb’s writing style is different from other contemporary Iranian novelists. He writes in an ambiguous and complex atmosphere. This seems to be more evident in the novel Hiss than in any of his other works. This characteristic is one of the prominent features of postmodernism. In this article, based on postmodern theories, we critique and analyze the aspects of Kateb’s writing which highlight the ontological content and the metanarrative technique in that novel. The author’s use of postmodern storytelling possibilities is based on the reader’s contribution to the comprehension and rebuilding of the story, revising the police’s inferences and judgments of crimes, violating accepted narratives for reader contemplation, discrediting the narrator, and the author’s death. Instead, the reader is important; that is, the reader interprets and analyzes the text through his or her reading; the importance of the reader precedes the importance of the text. The novel Hiss is based on dialogue, either in the form of expressions of actions or displacements of actions expressed as the death of one and the narration of another, or in the form of coding contradictory actions, thoughts, and quotations. The narrator’s emphasis on the violation of the narrative and the narrator is to say what the original is; but this is also a permanent violation. If he multiplies the narrator and promotes distrust of the narrative or uses the method of narrating ancient inner stories, it is in order to be able to draw the narrative method and the interaction of different levels of narration.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
39
57
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80770_7e1f300c9c357902e546783562eb0fbd.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2020.307158.1750
The Components of Love from the Viewpoint of the Chishti Order in the Works Amiran-e Dehlavī
Najme
Dorri
Associate Professor in Persian Language and Literature, Tarbiat Modares University
author
Masood
Doostparvar
Graduated PhD in Persian Language and Literature. Hormozgan University
author
text
article
2021
per
Love has always been one of the most fundamental principles of Sufism. Since the spiritual preceptors of the Chishti Sufism know it as arising from the mystical thought of Khorasan, this path regards love as an eternal gift and the very foundation of the universe that flows in all particles of the Possibility World, and to succeed to the loved is considered as the last degree of the seeker’s behavior. Moein El-din Chishti, Bafareid Ganj Shar, and Mo-hammad Gisooderaz are among some spiritual preceptors of this path, who have left some written works and sensational odes, and they can be found in the works of Chishti poets such as Amir Khosroo and Amir Hasan Dehlavi. In this article, we review the prose and poetry of the Chishti order in order to find out about the position of love in the foundation of Chishti thinking, and about the effect of sorrow or grief on the seeker’s behavior. Is wisdom always at odds with love? And what is the perspective of Chishti order about the virtual love?
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
59
79
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80771_5a20c3c79c9ed68720c44f8f2bd7c2d8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2021.316578.1849
A Comparative Ecocriticism of Farsi and Arabic Textbooks
Atefeh
Jamali
Assistant Professor in Persian Language and Literature, Hormozgan University
author
Farahangiz
Shokoohi
M.A. in Persian Language and Literature. University of Hormozgan
author
text
article
2021
per
Literary critics of ecocriticism consider the prevailing culture as one of the main causes of the enviromental crisis, therefore they try to correct the cultural attitudes. Since the educational system and textbooks are the main factors in culture developing, in this paper, through a qualitative content analysis method, Farsi and Al-Arabia Loghati textbooks of Iran’s and UAE’s primary schools have been comparatively studied. We examined environmental concerns in these texts and finally evaluated the strategies offered to internalize respect for nature in children. The results show that issues such as the importance of the environment, water crisis, air pollution, waste recycling, species protection, planting, and practical government policies are more reflected in Al-Arabia Loghati books. The authors of these books, explicitly or implicitly represent environmental issues in 45.4% of thecourses; in Farsi books, these concerns are reflected in only 15% of the courses. It seems that the UAE’s geographical location and government supports for the protection of environmental resources have brought the education system in line with the government’s goals. While in Iran, despite biodiversity and various environmental crises, the authors of Farsi books have used their linguistic capacities to create literary images focused on nature. In fact the pivotal environmental issues have been addressed in experimental science and social education textbooks.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
81
101
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80772_f9a88e1b31f6af16716be2c9b33645fa.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2021.309036.1770
The Effects of Emotional Tensions on the Instability of Meaning of the Title of Mehdi Akhavan-Sales’ “The Message” in Intertextual Relation to the Text of the Poem
Sareh
Zirak
Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, , Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University
author
Mehrnoush
Kashani Mansour
M.A. in Persian Language and Literature. , Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University
author
text
article
2021
per
Abundance of despair and hopelessness is an indicative feature of the poetry of Mehdi Akhavan Sales. His emotionally negative state of mind has severely impacted his poems. The title of the poem under our analysis, “Message,” has close paratextual relationship with the text of the poem. On the basis of this conjecture, “Message” raises the question: how come that the positive and emotional sense of “Message” has any meaningful relation with the overwhelming hopelessness in poem? The purpose of the authors is to explain how the title of the poem has gone through a semio-semantic transformation due to the desperate atmosphere of poem’s text. The narrational analysis of the poem shows that “Message” by accepting an inferior meaning has been transformed into a negative connotation. Here, the narrator closes all doors to any change, whereas if he would have accepted the help of an external actor, there might have been a hope for settlement of his ontological problem and, thus, the narration of the text would have alleviated from extreme pessimism to optimism. But the negative and paramount pressure of sorrow and hopelessness has transformed poem’s theme into its ontological enemy. The process of generation of the meaning of the poem leads to a conflict of life-death semantic form. Meanwhile, due to this conflict, the title of the poem — implying detachment, discourse and accepting others — loses its positive paratextual meaning despite its original social connotation, and due to domination of discourse attachment it shifts to its contradictory meaning, i.e. “no message” (rejecting others).
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
103
123
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80773_4143df7b7553ce921b2b2051a7012673.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2021.311392.1795
Humor and Implied Reader in Sedghi’s Abnabat
Zeynab
Sheykhhoseini
Assistant Professor in Persian Language and Literature, Hazrat Narjes University, Rafsanjan
author
text
article
2021
per
Humor causes laughter and comfort and helps adolescents overcome the challenges of coming of age with less pressure. Adolescent humor should be expressed in an adolescent atmosphere and perspective so that the audience relate to it. In adolescent literature, writers and critics are adults so we need a special approach for analysis of children and adolescents' texts. Chambers presents the implied reader approach. According to him, through style, point of view, siding and gaps, the author can communicate with the reader. Sedghi is one of the writers who has written satirical works for teenagers. The aim of this study is to investigate the implied reader in Sedghi’s satirical collection Abnabat, and, using qualitative content analysis, in addition to explaining the characteristics of humor in adolescent works, to evaluate the success of the author in creating the implied reader. According to the results of the study, style is the most prominent element in the creation of the implied reader. Generally, it can be said that Sedghi has been able to invite the reader into the text so that he/she laughs with the characters in the story.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
125
146
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80774_f517095aecf3c46ea3bd1bd601200620.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2020.303022.1702
The Techniques of Adaptation of Quranic Verses and Hadiths in Nafsat al-Masdoor
Hossein
Ghorbanpoorarani
Assistant Professor in Persian Language and Literature, University of Kashan
author
Hamzeh
Mohammadi
PhD student in Persian Language and Literature, kashan university
author
text
article
2021
per
Writers sometimes use Quranic verses to show their complete and artistic mastery over rhetoric, and they sometimes, with poetic and skillful illustrations and by referring to verses, equip their speech with expressions and words on the basis of rhyme, or they create a masterpiece with alliteration, allegory, metaphor, and personification. Nafsat al-Masdoor, the excellent work of Mohammad Zeidari Nasavi, is an example of this; especially that the author, while using the verbal advantages of verses and hadiths as well as the literary style of the Quran and the rhythm of words, has considered the deep conceptual use of verses of the Quran and hadiths. Adaptation and use of verses and hadiths is one of the most important features of technical prose. Nafsat al-Masdoor is one of the most prominent historical-literary books in which the use of verses and hadiths is due to the authors' connection with the Ghaznavid sultans and the Mongols. His knowledge of political events and the expression of the politicians’ goals and their political secrecy in the form of literary tricks is one of the important features of this book. The present study uses the library method and content analysis to follow the common methods of using the verses and hadiths in Nafsat al-Masdoor as well as the innovative methods of Zeidari in adapting verses and hadiths. It should be noted that in the verbal application of the verses, some special methods are included as additional explanations in the text, which indicate the author's power in combining Quranic verses with his words. Spiritually, in most cases, the adaptation of verses and hadiths has been completed without semantic mediation.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
147
168
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80775_f7bc3df041e9753b463b2ece8d1c9d7a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2021.312371.1809
The Stagnant Flowing World and God’s Renewed Wills in the Allegory of “Flowing Water” in Rumi’s Masnavi
Amir Hossien
Madani
Assistant Professor in Persian Language and Literature,, university of kashan
author
text
article
2021
per
Rumi has likened the body to a stream and the spirit to the flowing water in an allegory in his Masnavi. Although water is constantly running, many believe it to be stagnant, and therefore Rumi perforce draws the attention of the readers to the movement of brushwood on water, and if they do not see the passing of life through their eyes, let them reflect on life through their heart. This allegory contains Rumi’s fundamental mystical thoughts, including the new creation and the fact that the whole universe, despite its stagnant and still picture, is being constantly refreshed and undergoes transformation, hence there is “death and recurrence” in every moment. In the perspective of this mystic, this constant creation proves the permanent presence of God, the universe’s constant need of Him and that God’s grace is flowing through the material world each and every moment. But the fast speed of this creation and destruction and the constant connection between the physical and spiritual worlds make the world look stagnant. The author of this paper has attempted to address the new creation or God’s renewed wills from Rumi’s viewpoint. The author has also sought to connect this fundamental concept to concepts such as substance theory, manifestation, time, the Unseen, and the Mystic’s eagerness for exploring novelty and innovativeness. The article concludes that renewal of the present in full flow and the departure of the old removes Mystic’s grief and heartsickness and brings him happiness and a sense of living in the moment.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
169
189
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80776_df5fbbdce682d7930f4426c3f6b49e9a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2020.304951.1727
An Analysis of Power Discourse in Siavash's Story Based on Michel Foucault's Theory of Power
Mokhtar
Ebrahimi
Assistant Professor in Persian Language and Literature, Shahid Chamran university, Ahvaz, Iran.
author
Shefa
Dehimi nezhad
PhD student in Persian language and literature, , Shahid Chamran university, Ahvaz, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Shahnameh is the story and history of a nation, a nation with all its great culture and civilization that is dynamic in all ages. This narrative shows the profound and obvious depth of the continuity of Iran's political life, and each of Shahnameh's narratives can be analyzed and reflected in this continuity. One of the stories that has a special place in the Iranianian mythology is Siavash's story. Given the nature of the narrative and the events that take place throughout the story, this story shapes the later narratives and epic/mythical wars of the Shahnameh, and can provide a clearer picture of the concept of "power" in its material and spiritual aspects in mythological culture, the religion of ancient Iran and the boundaries of Khosrovani thought. With this aim in mind, and considering the importance of Siavash's story in the course of Shahnameh stories, in this article we have attempted to investigate the power relations in Siavash's story and its semantic system from Foucault's point of view. Accordingly, this paper first examines the power/truth framework in Siavash's tale based on the Shah/Mobed, and then examines the discourse of power in Siavash's three disciplines in identifying hostile space, semantic conflicts, and defining time and place.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
191
212
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80777_8f19f6e9900a607bccd537f4349d42d2.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2020.297557.1639
A Textual Criticism of Unknown Lyrical Stories of the Indian Subcontinent: Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah
Milad
Jafarpoor
Assistant Professor in Persian Language and Literature, Hakim Sabzevari University
author
Ihsan
Ahmad
Assistant Professor in Persian Language and Literature, university of the punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
author
text
article
2021
per
The present study adopts an inductive method to study one of the unknown lyric narratives of the Indian subcontinent, called Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah. First, a summary of the work is presented, and then its characteristics are examined in eight sections: naming, narrator, time and place of authorship, origin, structure, language, and literary type. Then in the second part, a study of the literary elements of Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah is done in eleven sections: plot, point of view, character, time and place, theme, moral principles, destiny, customs, descriptions, and principles. The results of this study indicate that Māhʻmunīr va Khūbʻchihrah is a relatively successful example of Indian subcontinent love stories that try to promote moral principles with simple and unpretentious language and at the same time a romantic plot.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
213
234
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80778_732b3d753ca84451ce17c330f001eaec.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2021.317638.1856
The Properties of Poetic Form in Reza Baraheni’s Accosting the Butterflies
Negin
Shahabi
M.A. in Art Research, Tehran University of Art
author
Amir
Maziar
Assistant Professor in Art Philosophy, Tehran University of Art
author
text
article
2021
per
In Persian poetry, the issue of form has gone through so many alterations. In the last decades and after the emergence of Modern Persian poetry, these formal changes have been more significant and controversial. One of the latest noteworthy theories in Persian contemporary poetry has been proposed by Reza Baraheni in Accosting the Butterflies. In the theoretical section titled “Why I Am No Longer a Nimaie Poet?” the author claims that Modern Persian poetry has been beset with a crisis and attempts to find a solution by discussing the flaws in Persian free verse and blank verse poems. In this book, poems and theories are inspired by postmodernism and other western literary theories such as formalism and deconstruction, and the ideas of “languagality,” “polyphonic poetry,” “adoption of sound and breath,” and “narrative interruption” are introduced to Persian poetry for the first time. By reviewing Barahani’s poetic form in various periods of his career and studying the impacts of postmodernism on his ideas, the present paper aims to analyze Baraheni’s latest theories on poetic form and to present a new classification for the formal characteristics of Accosting the Butterflies.
Persian Literature
Tehran University, Faculty of Literature & Humanities
2251-9262
10
v.
2
no.
2021
235
255
https://jpl.ut.ac.ir/article_80779_1657fd9d84efb08bf18f824c458e3820.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jpl.2020.306021.1739